Development of microwave multiplexed readout for athermal phonon TES-based detectors

Abstract

Continued advancements in sub-eV calorimetric measurements are being enabled through the athermal phonon detection channel, with applications spanning a diverse array of fields, including low-mass dark matter searches, coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, and quantum information science. While Transition Edge Sensors (TESs) have achieved the lowest thresholds to date, they face significant scalability bottlenecks due to the inherent constraints of conventional SQUID readout architectures. To address this limitation, we present an update on R&D to develop practical, highly multiplexed, microwave readout for athermal phonon TESs, which can enable a dramatic increase in both sensor count and target mass, with a focus on sub-GeV dark matter searches as a target application. This work leverages advances from highly scaled mm-wave, x-ray, and gamma-ray TES systems, adapting them to the unique needs of low-threshold rare event measurements. We quantify the basic readout functionality and noise level in our dilution refrigerator testbed and demonstrate operation of a variety of TES devices with saturation powers significantly lower than mm-wave and x-ray devices. We demonstrate proof-of-concept multiplexed readout of background event pulses, bound the readout's contribution to the parasitic TES background load to <1 fW, and discuss a cryogenic inline RF filtering scheme. These results demonstrate practical solutions to several of the key challenges that must be solved before a next-generation athermal phonon detector at scale is realized.