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arXiv · 2610.24760

Three Machines Suffice for Local Hardening of Electromechanical Oscillations

Kai Sun
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Abstract

The single-degree-of-freedom swing equation with sinusoidal coupling is locally softening: its oscillation frequency decreases with oscillation level near a stable equilibrium. Nonlinear modal interaction, however, can reverse this trend in multimachine systems. This letter gives a necessary-and-sufficient condition for strict leading-order local hardening, measured with respect to canonical action, in two symmetric three-machine operating-point families with equal or opposite power injections at the equal-inertia machines. An exact two-coordinate reduction expresses the condition in terms of a squared modal-frequency ratio and a dimensionless nonlinear coupling measure. The proof retains the induced mean shift and second harmonic and shows that the companion modal family remains locally softening. The criterion recovers both an equal-inertia hardening example and an exact large-inertia threshold. Coherent aggregation recovers the two-machine softening law, whereas the infinite-bus limit retains two dynamic rotor angles and permits hardening. An exact coherent-group extension preserves the selected periodic family, frequency, and canonical action for every finite machine count greater than two. Thus, three finite-inertia machines are the minimum permitting local hardening in the stated undamped, lossless classical model.

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Kai Sun. 2026-10-17. Three Machines Suffice for Local Hardening of Electromechanical Oscillations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.24760

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