Design and synthesis of laser inscribed flexible Bragg gratings containing silicon oxynitride-doped silicon thin film for authentication applications with the insights from X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Quantum Mechanical Calculations

Ali Karatutlu; Timuçin Emre Tabaru; Umut Taylan; Zehra Gizem Mutlay; Doğukan Hazar Özbey; Okan Uslu; Hamid-Reza Bahari; Esra Kendir Tekgül; Andriy Budnyk; İremnur Duru; Mustafa Fatih Genisel; Zeynep Reyhan Öztürk; Taylan Gorkan; Engin Durgun; Bülend Ortaç

arXiv · 2610.25382

Design and synthesis of laser inscribed flexible Bragg gratings containing silicon oxynitride-doped silicon thin film for authentication applications with the insights from X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Quantum Mechanical Calculations

Ali Karatutlu·Timuçin Emre Tabaru·Umut Taylan·Zehra Gizem Mutlay·Doğukan Hazar Özbey·Okan Uslu·Hamid-Reza Bahari·Esra Kendir Tekgül·Andriy Budnyk·İremnur Duru·Mustafa Fatih Genisel·Zeynep Reyhan Öztürk·Taylan Gorkan·Engin Durgun·Bülend Ortaç

View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Silicon-on-insulator is mostly the main driving material system for the field of silicon photonics, including PICs, due to high index contrast and compatibility with current semiconductor manufacturing processes [1]. A recent example is silicon oxynitride-doped silicon [2] discovered recently by our group, offering to set a new position for the fields of silicon photonics with a precise control of refractive index from 2.1 to 2.5 together with the photosensitivity property at different wavelengths. In this study, we demonstrate that the synthesis of silicon oxynitride-doped silicon can be performed on a flexible substrate for the fabrication of Bragg gratings (BG) at low temperatures below 100 degrees Celsius that are emerging for advanced applications. Their use in preserving ultra-fast lasers inscribed micro-information has been demonstrated numerically and experimentally due to its multispectral reflection behaviour from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (NIR) regions. The unique structural characteristics of silicon oxynitride-doped silicon were studied at the Si L, O K and N K edges using soft X-ray absorption studies. The quantum mechanical calculations provide the potential formation mechanism of SiON-doped Si, whereas the crystal structure prediction for bulk Si3N4-xOx was conducted using the particle swarm optimization method in combination with density functional theory (DFT).

Explore related subjects

physics.optics

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

Ali Karatutlu, Timuçin Emre Tabaru, Umut Taylan, Zehra Gizem Mutlay, Doğukan Hazar Özbey, Okan Uslu, Hamid-Reza Bahari, Esra Kendir Tekgül, Andriy Budnyk, İremnur Duru, Mustafa Fatih Genisel, Zeynep Reyhan Öztürk, Taylan Gorkan, Engin Durgun, Bülend Ortaç. 2026-10-18. Design and synthesis of laser inscribed flexible Bragg gratings containing silicon oxynitride-doped silicon thin film for authentication applications with the insights from X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Quantum Mechanical Calculations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.25382

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Phase-Drift Limits and Adaptive Quadrature Readout in Programmable Photonic Processors

Phase fluctuations between optical inputs limit programmable photonic processors because their output powers depend on coherent interference. We study the phase-drift penalty that arises when sine and cosine quadratures are measured sequentially rather than simultaneously. The analysis is motivated by measurements from an eight-mode programmable photonic processor, including 35 free-running recordings of 300 s acquired at approximately 125 samples per second per channel. These recordings provide an empirical route for estimating the phase-increment variance at a selected reconfiguration interval. The estimate is defined at the time of the second measurement. For fixed quadrature order, perturbation of the atan2 reconstruction gives $e_{C\to S}=-δ_τ\sin^2ϕ_0+O(δ_τ^2)$ and $e_{S\to C}=-δ_τ\cos^2ϕ_0+O(δ_τ^2)$. Writing $Q_τ=\operatorname{Var}(δ_τ)$, uniform phase averaging gives the first-order drift mean-square error $3Q_τ/8$. A phase-predicted ordering rule measures the locally less informative quadrature first and the more informative quadrature second. Its uniform first-order penalty is $(3/8-1/π)Q_τ$, which is 84.9 percent below the fixed-order value. We also derive an increment-aware estimator from a local state-space model. Marginalizing the unknown phase increment increases the variance of a stale phase observation by $Q_τ$, reducing its Fisher information from $I$ to $I/(1+IQ_τ)$. For ideal balanced Poisson detection, the Fisher information of each quadrature equals its detected signal-photon number. This yields dimensionless architecture boundaries in spatial information and phase-increment variance. Nonlinear Monte Carlo simulations validate the perturbative laws, quantify robustness to prediction error, and compare simultaneous, fixed-order, increment-aware, and adaptive receivers under a common noise model.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Site-Selective Activation of Near-Infrared Emitters in hBN

Near-infrared (NIR) emitters in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have recently emerged as bright and spectrally stable light sources, but they have so far been found at locations set by the local defect environment rather than by design. Here we show that NIR emitters can be activated at predefined sites by combining single-shot femtosecond laser writing with annealing in an oxygen-rich environment. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of site-selective activation of NIR emitters in hBN. The written matrices are recovered in post-anneal photoluminescence maps, including in collection bands centred at 800 and 900 nm. Site-resolved spectra under 532, 635 and 785 nm excitation show narrow lines extending to 1 um; 83% of the spectra acquired at written sites under 785 nm excitation and 71% under 635 nm excitation contain at least one resolved peak above 810 nm. The integrated emission increases with writing-pulse energy over the range studied, and many sites host more than one emitter, which identifies lower writing energies as the route to single-emitter occupancy. Photon-correlation measurements on selected sites show antibunching, with a raw, uncorrected second-order correlation value g(2)(0) of 0.31 in a band centred at 850 nm. Spectral time series reveal bands that persist over the recorded intervals together with intermittent emission beyond 900 nm. Comparison with identically written, argon-annealed samples indicates that the annealing atmosphere controls the spectral range of the activated emitters, while the laser defines where they form.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Accounting for the detection response brings cavity ring-down spectroscopy to sub-permille accuracy

For nearly four decades, cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) has been among the simplest, most widely used absorption techniques, requiring no calibration because it measures decay times, not intensities. Yet as accuracy requirements have tightened, CRDS has proven strikingly inconsistent: reported errors range from several percent to the permille level - the signature of an uncontrolled systematic effect so far worked around rather than resolved. This has confined applications demanding the highest accuracy - from testing ab initio theory to atmospheric sensing and quantum-based metrology - to a handful of laboratories relying on advanced calibration or architectures, at the cost of simplicity. Here we show the main source was hiding in plain sight: the detection chain's transient response. It distorts every ring-down, biasing the retrieved decay times differently from instrument to instrument - a bias that routine truncation of the early decay masks rather than removes. We measure this response with a calibration-free beat-note method and build it into the ring-down model. Validation uses a well-characterized carbon monoxide transition and an independent frequency-based reference. Across four detection configurations, line-intensity biases of up to 14 % shrink 41- to 87-fold, the results converge, reaching up to sub-permille agreement with the reference. This holds down to 4 us ring-down times, extending accurate CRDS to stronger absorption. Independent of the absorbing species and requiring no change to the CRDS setup, the approach turns a technique valued for its simplicity into one equally valued for its accuracy. Benchmark-quality measurement thus comes within reach of any CRDS laboratory.

physics.optics↗