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arXiv · 2610.25503

From Seeing to Reporting: A Theory of Reliable Visual Set Generation in Vision-Language Models

Junzhe Shi·Yuan Gan·Shida Jiang
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Abstract

Vision-language models (VLMs) are asked to report what they see: to count objects, box them, parse a screen or pick a click target (GUI grounding). We argue that reporting is part of the visual task, not merely its formatting. In a dense scene with 173 shapes, GPT-6.1 lists 173 records that match every shape, yet the counts it states in the same response sum to 188. From Seeing to Reporting (FSR) is a theory of visual reporting and a set of inference-time procedures that improve the reports of frozen VLMs. It models reporting as a chain from responses to decoded records, constructed sets and task answers, linked by task-compatible matching. The chain gives exact relations for deleting records, averaging their coordinates and switching readouts, and it splits the error of one answer chosen among several calls into missing candidates, lost representatives and wrong choices. These relations guide procedures for counting, detection, document layout, screen parsing and GUI grounding that use the task specification and a shipped configuration, without requiring labels from the target task. On 50 dense synthetic scenes, a one-call reporting-and-decoding protocol cuts per-type count error by 85.2% for GPT-6.1 and 98.8% for Claude Sonnet 5.5. On 600 ScreenSpot-Pro items, a GUI-grounding tier that combines three models lowers the miss rate from 13.67% for GPT-6.1's two-stage zoom to 9.33%, against 12.67% for three such zooms combined by a cluster vote at about the same cost. A plain vote over the same three models misses 12.33%: the other models supply the candidates, and selecting among them turns those candidates into fewer misses. We release the protocols, the stored responses and the analysis code.

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Junzhe Shi, Yuan Gan, Shida Jiang. 2026-10-18. From Seeing to Reporting: A Theory of Reliable Visual Set Generation in Vision-Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.25503

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