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arXiv · 2610.26955

LAMB: Latent Multi-Hypothesis Beliefs for Long-Horizon Large Language Agents

Peien Ding·Hui Li·Yuhan Liu·Jinsong Su
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Abstract

Long-horizon language agents require compact memories that retain interaction evidence while preserving competing hypotheses about unobserved states. Although effective, many belief-state methods encode memory in discrete natural language, where repeated compression can omit evidence or prematurely discard plausible alternatives. We introduce LAMB, a recurrent framework for latent multi-hypothesis beliefs. A Common--Delta factorization combines a shared Common state for interaction evidence with weighted Delta components for competing hypotheses. Relative evidence from action-outcome predictions guides recurrent hypothesis updates without generating textual memory. A context-conditioned readout exposes hypotheses separately to the policy through a fixed-token belief prefix in the default configuration. The belief modules and policy are jointly trained using action imitation and auxiliary state, outcome, and observation-discrimination objectives. Across ALFWorld, BabyAI, ScienceWorld, and Crafter, LAMB matches or outperforms PABU, improving ALFWorld SR@30 and ScienceWorld success by 6.0 and 22.0 percentage points, respectively, and Crafter achievement progress by 26.37 points. On ALFWorld, it also reduces the redundant-action rate by 17.70 percentage points. These results support latent multi-hypothesis beliefs as compact memory for effective long-horizon decision making

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Peien Ding, Hui Li, Yuhan Liu, Jinsong Su. 2026-10-18. LAMB: Latent Multi-Hypothesis Beliefs for Long-Horizon Large Language Agents. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.26955

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