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arXiv · 2610.28984

Stable and causal frames for BDNK hydrodynamics

Jay Armas
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Abstract

We establish the existence of families of linearly stable and causal Bemfica-Disconzi-Noronha-Kovtun (BDNK) frames for arbitrary equation of state and set of physical transport coefficients. By developing a method based on simplification of Routh-Hurwitz criteria and telegrapher factorisation of polynomials, we provide six concrete examples of such families, three of which admit conformal limits, for both neutral and charged fluids. These frames have adjustable characteristic speeds and can serve as a starting point for numerical implementations of relativistic hydrodynamics in various settings. In the process we uncover a map between stable and causal frames in neutral fluids and stable and causal frames in charged fluids. We also develop an AI research protocol that can be used to search for such frames in any hydrodynamic theory.

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Jay Armas. 2026-10-20. Stable and causal frames for BDNK hydrodynamics. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28984

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