Estimating Performance for Safe Deployment of Machine Learning Models

Abstract

The main challenge in applying deep neural networks to real-world scenarios lies in distributional discrepancies between training and test datasets, often caused by variations in data acquisition conditions. Assessing the performance of pre-trained models without labels is crucial for safety, but this is complicated by deep models' overly optimistic probabilistic outputs, often exacerbated by class imbalances, leading to unreliable predictions. To address these issues, we introduce MOVAL, a novel MOdel eVALuation tool that estimates performance using unlabeled test data. MOVAL incorporates class-wise confidence calibration to adjust model outputs, allowing for the estimation of metrics beyond accuracy and mitigating the detrimental effects of class imbalance on confidence calibration. Additionally, we propose an ensemble approach that combines multiple calibrated confidence scores for a more robust solution. We validate MOVAL on natural and medical image datasets with various acquisition shifts, covering tasks from classification to segmentation. It achieves state-of-the-art results across evaluation metrics such as accuracy, F1-Score, AUC, and more. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MOVAL provides accurate performance estimations at the class, instance, and pixel levels, ensuring the transparent and safe deployment of machine learning models. We provide MOVAL as a deployment tool for monitoring and estimating performance under a range of domain shifts.