HARMONY: Hierarchical Anchor Retrieval on Manifold for Oblivious-source Machinery Acoustic Anomaly Detection

Abstract

In standard acoustic anomaly detection (ASD), models are usually trained separately for each machine or domain using explicit metadata. However, in realistic deployments, machine identifiers are incomplete, unreliable, or simply unavailable. Thus, metadata-free machinery ASD asks a single model to monitor mixed machine populations without machine IDs. In this paper, we argue that the main failure mode is not a weak detector family, but representation entanglement. The heterogeneous normal modes overlap in frozen pre-trained feature spaces, making anomaly scoring and approximate retrieval unreliable. We study this problem directly and propose HARMONY (Hierarchical Anchor Retrieval on Manifold for Oblivious-source acoustic aNomalY detection), an anchor-guided geometric repartitioning framework that reorganizes mixed-source features into compact Voronoi regions and reuses this structure for hierarchical retrieval. On DCASE 2020, HARMONY improves mean AUC from 75.40% to 90.00% (14.60 percentage points) over the strongest unified baseline and from 83.90% to 90.00% over a strong foundation-feature baseline. On a single CPU, its hierarchical retrieval achieves a 7.8x speedup over exhaustive search with only a 0.20 percentage-point AUC drop. These results suggest that incorporating explicit geometric partitioning can improve both detection accuracy and retrieval efficiency for ASD. Code is available at https://github.com/Zzyh0208/HARMONY.