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arXiv · 2610.31425

Modulation theory of Y- and X-wave Kadomtsev--Petviashvili solitons

Jerry Wang·Mark A. Hoefer
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Abstract

The evolution of long wavelength perturbations of traveling wave 2-soliton solutions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili II (KP) equation are investigated using modulation theory. An initial-boundary value problem for a system of hyperbolic conservation laws is formulated for amplitude and slope perturbations to soliton legs of the resonant (Y-shaped) and X-shaped KP traveling wave solutions. The vertex where individuated soliton legs coalesce is modeled as a moving free boundary where information between the soliton legs can pass. The linearized hyperbolic system is proven to be well-posed under suitable initial conditions and is solved exactly. In the case of the resonant Y-shaped soliton, all admissible simple (rarefaction) waves of the nonlinear system are characterized. Specific perturbations of Y-waves can lead to the dimensionality of the modulated solution changing, corresponding to a physical geometric change to the multi-soliton pattern. Spontaneous leg deletion and leg creation can occur. The conditions under which the Y-wave modulation system can experience gradient catastrophe are given. Gradient catastrophe is regularized by the formation of a new leg, with an augmented modulation system proposed to describe the growth of the new leg. On the other hand, the X-wave system can be reduced to two independent line soliton modulation systems. These findings reinforce the prevalence and generality of resonant Y-shaped vertices in the KP II system and applications.The theoretical modulation predictions are supported by direct numerical simulations of KP II, which show good agreement with the analysis.

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Jerry Wang, Mark A. Hoefer. 2026-10-22. Modulation theory of Y- and X-wave Kadomtsev--Petviashvili solitons. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.31425

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