Minimax Regret for Sobolev Kernel-Based Reinforcement Learning

Abstract

We study the minimax regret rate for episodic kernel-based reinforcement learning, where the expected reward and transition density belong to a Sobolev reproducing kernel Hilbert space, with continuous state and action spaces, and adversarial initial states. For Sobolev smoothness parameter $ν>0$, state dimension $d_S$, and action dimension $d_A$, we prove that the minimax expected regret over $T$ episodes is $\widetildeΘ(T^{\max\{e_A,e_B\}})$, where $e_A=\frac{ν+d_A}{2ν+d_A}$, $e_B=\frac{ν+d_A+3d_S/2}{2ν+d_A+2d_S}$ with the other model parameters fixed. The two exponents reflect the distinct difficulties of action selection and learning across states. We introduce Sobolev Optimal Value Iteration (SOVI), which attains this rate from observed rewards and transitions. For fixed smoothness and reference-kernel lengthscale, its regret bound has a prefactor polynomial in the state-action dimension $d=d_S+d_A$, horizon $H$, transition and reward RKHS norm bounds $u,B_r$, and kernel norm-comparison factor $Λ$, up to logarithmic factors. The algorithm separates initial action selection from continuation-value estimation and combines local polynomial approximation with the shared RKHS structure of the approximation errors. Our matching upper and lower bounds determine the optimal dependence on the number of episodes for Sobolev kernel-based reinforcement learning. Thus, we partially address the open problem in Vakili(2024) under the condition of the Sobolev kernel setup.