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arXiv · 2610.38270

A simple sensitivity analysis for observational studies

Jeffrey Zhang·Dylan S. Small
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Abstract

Drawing causal conclusions from non-experimental (observational) data is a central aim in science but is extremely challenging. Without control over treatment assignment (as in an experiment), treated and control groups may not be comparable on unmeasured factors affecting treatment and outcome. To address such concerns, sensitivity analyses can be performed; sensitivity analyses acknowledge the existence of unmeasured factors but ask how strong they must be to overturn causal conclusions. We (re)introduce a particularly simple form of sensitivity analysis which can be performed by any reader of an observational study with access to only an estimate and confidence interval for a causal effect. This simple sensitivity analysis may serve as an effective tool for readers wishing to gauge the robustness of conclusions from an observational study.

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Jeffrey Zhang, Dylan S. Small. 2026-10-28. A simple sensitivity analysis for observational studies. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.38270

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