Controllability-Based Input Allocation in Quantum System

Abstract

Understanding how local perturbations influence global quantum dynamics is important for analyzing and designing large-scale quantum systems. Existing quantum centrality measures often rely on static correlations or entanglement and do not directly capture perturbation propagation under unitary evolution. We formulate controllability allocation scoring for quantum input-output dynamics governed by the Schrodinger equation. Using the multiobservable quantum-control Gramian, we introduce virtual local Hamiltonian perturbations along a nominal trajectory and decompose the terminal-output response into channel-wise Gramian contributions. A simplex-constrained log-determinant optimization combines these contributions to define a volumetric controllability allocation score (V-CAS), specifying an optimal allocation of virtual input intensities among local Hamiltonian perturbation directions. The score measures their cooperative dynamical influence and depends on the output and trajectory. We characterize the output Gramian's range and minimum-energy properties and derive a drift-independent sufficient condition ensuring score uniqueness for almost every terminal time at which the problem is feasible. For quantum many-body systems, we develop a matrix-product-state and time-evolving-block-decimation implementation that avoids explicitly constructing exponentially large state-transition matrices. We also derive an error bound propagating Trotter and MPS-truncation errors to the discrete output Gramian. Numerical experiments show that the score captures finite-time influence patterns distinct from those identified by static correlation- and entanglement-based measures and can inform target-independent control-channel preselection.