Automatic Iconographic Annotation of Medieval Illuminations: Comparing Generative Vision-Language Models and Supervised Discriminative Classifiers

Abstract

The large-scale digitisation of medieval manuscripts creates a growing need for automated iconographic indexing. We evaluate two complementary paradigms for this task on 9,735 full-folio images annotated with 2,333 TIMEL concepts: generative Vision-Language Models (VLM) and supervised discriminative classifiers (SDC). The VLM experiments evaluate fine-tuning, structured JSON decoding, taxonomybased candidates generation, and deterministic reranking. The discriminative experiments evaluate flat, hierarchy-aware, and patch-attention heads over a frozen DINOv3 encoder. Our results highlight key functional differences: ML-Decoder (SDC) achieves the strongest overall retrieval performance (precision@1 of 0.696, MRR of 0.806), with loss calibration (Asymmetric Loss) serving as the primary performance lever. While SDCs provide superior precision and reliability within a closed vocabulary, VLMs offer strong semantic generalization and broad taxonomic coverage, particularly through structured JSON targets and verify-calibrate reranking (hierarchical F1 of 0.559). Furthermore, model behavior strongly depends on concept abstraction: SDCs excel at perceptually grounded descriptive concepts, whereas VLMs provide useful hypotheses for complex interpretative scenes. Finally, we find that enforcing explicit hierarchy within model architectures limits coverage compared to spatial feature aggregation. Overall, rather than competing approaches, SDCs and VLMs emerge as complementary components for future hybrid indexing systems combining structured retrieval with exploratory annotation assistance. As a methodological contribution, we define the soft F1 metric to provide a taxonomy-aware evaluation that credits semantically close predictions based on lowest common ancestors.