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arXiv · 2610.38490

The Influence of Hubble Expansion on the Future Merger of the Milky Way and Andromeda

Yufan Zhou·Tianchi Zhang·Shihong Liao·Zhiyuan Li·Lan Wang·David Benisty
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Abstract

Most existing idealized simulations of galaxy mergers neglect Hubble expansion, as the local Hubble flow is curved by overdensities and the expansion effect is weak at these scales. However, even in the gravity-dominated Local Group (LG), the expansion itself still persists, and it has been shown important in some LG-related studies. Here we take the future merger of the Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda (M31) as a case study to investigate the differences between simulations with and without Hubble expansion. We perform a suite of idealized N-body simulations of the MW--M31 system under pure Newtonian, $Λ$CDM, and $w_0w_a$CDM scenarios, testing different masses and proper motions of galaxies informed by current observational constraints. At low M31 tangential velocities, especially in cases where the two galaxies merge within a Hubble time, the expansion effect is negligible; while at high velocities (>66.5 km/s), the $Λ$CDM simulations introduce a noticeable delay in the merger time compared to the Newtonian ones and may even alter the final fate of the system, but the caveat here is that the isolated-pair idealization and the assumed expansion history break down. The delay is also present but less pronounced in the $w_0w_a$CDM runs. When M33 and the Large Magellanic Cloud are included, the differences in merger times are reduced. In summary, Hubble expansion can play a noticeable role for galaxy mergers with high tangential velocities, but its actual influence on the MW--M31 merger depends on the precise masses and proper motions to be determined in the future.

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Yufan Zhou, Tianchi Zhang, Shihong Liao, Zhiyuan Li, Lan Wang, David Benisty. 2026-10-28. The Influence of Hubble Expansion on the Future Merger of the Milky Way and Andromeda. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.38490

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