Emergence of Zonal Flows in an Imbalanced Point-Vortex System

Abstract

Motivated by experiments on rotating Bose-Einstein condensates, we investigate the statistical mechanics and the non-equilibrium dynamics of an imbalanced gas of oppositely signed Onsager point vortices confined in a disk. To model external forcing and dissipation, we supplement their Hamiltonian dynamics with an annihilation-reinjection (AR) mechanism that preserves the imbalance: oppositely signed vortices are annihilated when they approach closer than a distance representing the healing length, and are subsequently reintroduced into the domain at random locations. At positive energies, the system self-organizes into a large-scale coherent dipole at low imbalance and into a zonal flow at higher imbalance. While AR breaks energy and angular momentum conservation, we argue that the vortex gas evolves quasi-adiabatically through the equilibrium phase space. We capture the topological transition between dipolar and zonal flows both from a statistical and a hydrodynamical perspective. In particular, the bifurcation reflects a non-trivial equilibrium diagram in terms of energy $e$, angular momentum $μ$, and vortex imbalance $η$. We characterize this phase diagram in the "strong mixing'' regime studied by linearizing the Joyce-Montgomery mean-field theory about the weakly non-uniform state. We show that the linear theory is surprisingly relevant for the numerical simulations with AR and suggest that the selection between the dipolar and the zonal configurations in the $(e,μ,η)$ phase space is driven by a hydrodynamical shear instability.