Searching for Dark Photons and ALPs using Gamma-rays from Nuclear Reactors

Abstract

Nuclear reactors are intense sources of MeV gamma rays, produced in fission, radiative neutron capture and the de-excitation of fission products. Building on earlier phenomenological studies, we present a detector-independent description of the production of light, weakly coupled particles by reactor gamma rays and of their detection through scattering, absorption and decay in a nearby detector. We consider kinetically mixed dark photons, produced and detected through Compton-like processes, and axion-like particles (ALPs) coupled to photons, electrons and nucleons, produced through Primakoff conversion, Compton-like scattering and magnetic nuclear transitions such as the $2.23~\mathrm{MeV}$ line of $p(n,γ)d$. As a concrete application, we derive the projected sensitivities of the CONUS+ germanium experiment at the Leibstadt reactor and of a conceivable $100$-kg CONUS100 upgrade. For sub-MeV dark photons, CONUS+ and CONUS100 reach kinetic mixings of $ε\simeq1.65\times10^{-5}$ and $1.2\times10^{-5}$, respectively, for $0.5~\mathrm{keV}\lesssim m_{A'}\lesssim0.5~\mathrm{MeV}$. For ALPs, we show that CONUS100 can probe an unexplored region of parameter space at MeV masses, in particular through $a\to e^+e^-$ decays of ALPs emitted in the deuteron line, assuming a energy window extended to $10~\mathrm{MeV}$.