A First-Order Phase Transition in Spin-Imbalanced BCS Theory of Superconductivity

Abstract

We study a translation-invariant BCS functional of superconductivity for a system of spin-$1/2$ fermions with spin-dependent chemical potentials, $μ_+\neqμ_-$. Numerical work of Caldas and Mota and analytical work of Freiji, Hainzl, and Seiringer has suggested an unusual first-order phase transition in spin-imbalanced BCS models, in which the normal state becomes globally unstable while remaining locally stable. Here, we prove that a first-order phase transition occurs in such spin-imbalanced BCS functionals. For each sufficiently small fixed spin imbalance and sufficiently low temperature, there is a coexistence coupling $λ_{\mathrm{fo}}$ strictly below the linear-stability threshold $λ_{\mathrm{lin}}$ of the normal state at which the Cooper pair density exhibits a nonzero jump and the minimized energy has a kink. The methodological insight is a coercivity estimate obtained by decomposing the BCS energy minimization into two parts, where the ``inner'' problem minimizes over the one-particle density matrices at fixed pairing and can be exactly solved by a Legendre--Fenchel transform.