An Efficient SIM Beamforming Scheme Based on Physical-Empowered Projected Gradient

Abstract

Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIMs) have emerged as a promising technology for next-generation wireless systems. Especially in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, it has the potential to realize complicated wave-domain transformations with low hardware costs and energy consumption. However, SIM-assisted MIMO systems face two major challenges in channel estimation and beamforming. As the SIM elements do not have the signal processing capability, channel estimation can only be conducted in an indirect manner, which makes it challenging. Moreover, the precoding optimization after channel estimation is non-convex and also difficult. Targeting these issues, we exploit the time-division duplex (TDD) channel reciprocity to calculate the gradient backpropagation in an over-the-air manner. Based on this structure, we propose a gradient-based optimization framework that optimizes beamforming without explicitly estimating the SIM--UE channel. The proposed method, namely the physical projected gradient descent (P2GD) method, optimizes the achievable sum rate while incorporating zero-forcing (ZF) constraints. Based on the method of incorporating the ZF restriction, we propose two variations of P2GD, namely user equipment (UE)-P2GD and base station (BS)-P2GD. We also provide a theoretical convergence analysis and projected gradient techniques to ensure physical feasibility. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can achieve suboptimal beamforming in the multi-user system within a small number of over-the-air iterations, using a per-direction signaling budget below the pilot cost of explicit SIM--UE channel estimation. The proposed method provides a low-overhead beamforming scheme for SIM systems without explicit SIM--UE channel estimation.