Stability and bifurcations of the synchronized layered steady states in membrane-coupled delayed RD systems: The SLEP approach

Abstract

Inter-layer exchange in biological and chemical systems may involve transport delays and memory effects. In this paper, we mainly study the stability and bifurcations of the synchronized layered steady states in singularly perturbed membrane-coupled reaction-diffusion (RD) systems, where discrete or exponentially distributed delays are introduced into the activator coupling, while the inhibitor coupling remains instantaneous, leading to six representative configurations. By extending the singular limit eigenvalue problem (SLEP) method originally developed by [Nishiura and Fujii, SIMA, 18(6), 1987; Nishiura and Mimura, SIAP, 49(2), 1989] for the non-delayed case, we develop a unified spectral framework that incorporates the symmetric and asymmetric sub-eigenvalue problems arising from all six delayed configurations, demonstrating how the SLEP approach can be adapted to capture the limiting behavior of critical eigenvalues when time delays are present. We then establish sufficient conditions to determine the delay-independent stability, the persistence of Turing instability, as well as delay-induced Hopf bifurcations of the synchronized layered steady states. In particular, we focus on analyzing how time delays could induce in-phase and anti-phase breathers via Hopf bifurcations, leading to spatiotemporal oscillatory instabilities that were absent in the delay-free setting. As an application, we also supply a two-layer membrane-coupled delayed FitzHugh-Nagumo system to illustrate how our results can be applied.