On the Performance of AoA-Based Physical-Layer Authentication Under Multi-Source Impersonation Attacks

Abstract

This paper investigates cooperative impersonation attacks against angle-of-arrival (AoA)-based authentication for a wireless communication receiver equipped with a digital uniform linear array. Specifically, we characterize the vulnerability and robustness of this authentication system in relation to adversarial angular diversity and the relative numbers of adversarial sources and receive antennas. To this end, we first derive the optimal precoding vector for multiple spatially distributed adversarial sources by minimizing the mean squared error between legitimate and adversarial received signals. By means of the rank property of Vandermonde matrices, we then establish necessary and sufficient conditions under which the adversarial sources can reproduce the legitimate transmitter's spatial signature. With fewer adversarial sources than receive antennas, perfect reproduction is not possible without at least one adversarial source satisfying a specific AoA condition. In the other case, increasing the number of receive antennas can reduce impersonation success probabilities when none of the adversarial sources has an AoA satisfying this condition. Numerical results validate the theoretical analysis and evaluate the security performance of AoA-based authentication.