Resisting Drying Stress in Laponite Bentonite Clay Composites, Two Step Yielding and Crack Peel Selection

Abstract

Clay films that dry on a rigid substrate crack, peel or stay intact, and which of these happens matters for coatings, barrier layers and ceramic processing. Composites of clay with polymers have been studied widely. Clay composites, whose components differ in size and charge, are much less explored. We show that mixing the nano scale clay Laponite with the micron scale clay Bentonite reduces desiccation damage on both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic substrate, Laponite films stay essentially intact, Bentonite films fracture extensively, and on glass most intermediate compositions are less damaged than a simple average of the two would suggest. Rheology of the gelled suspensions reveals a two step yielding in every composition, and the cohesive energy derived from it depends by orders of magnitude on which step is used, a point that any rheology cracking correlation must specify. A dimensionless cohesion adhesion index, whose sign we derive from an energy balance, is consistent with compositions that peel on polypropylene and crack on glass. Replicate experiments were performed for robustness of results. The results identify composition as a simple handle on the crack resistance of clay films and open the search for the critical crack-free thickness as a function of clay composition.