Evaluation of attenuation-based simulated X-ray images for image-guided radiotherapy

Abstract

In image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), in-room X-rays are often used for patient positioning and monitoring, however, usually default imaging settings are utilized for each indication. Obtaining patient-specific imaging settings before treatment is achievable using simulated X-rays, which can facilitate IGRT workflow optimization. This study evaluated the image quality of simulated X-rays for thoracic, cranial and pelvic regions. Simulated X-rays were created from computed tomography (CT) scans with indication-specific default settings using a pre-release pilot software, which mimics the geometry of the room-mounted ExacTrac Dynamic (ETD) system (Brainlab SE, Germany). The basis of this algorithm was the Beer-Lambert law. Linear attenuation coefficients were approximated from the CT hounsfield units, while incident intensities were defined by flood images. CT scans were included from three anthropomorphic phantoms and 57 patients (13 lung, 20 glioblastoma, 24 prostate). For evaluation, real X-rays were used as ground truth. Three image quality metrics - Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC), Normalized Mean Absolute Error (NMAE) - complemented by histogram and intensity profile comparisons were used for evaluation. SSIMs for phantom and patient average were 0.87 and 0.80 for the thoracic, 0.94 and 0.88 for the cranial and 0.85 and 0.79 for the pelvic region. Corresponding NCCs yielded values of 0.99 and 0.89, 0.99 and 0.99 and 0.99 and 0.60. NMAEs were 4.1% and 10.7% (lung), 2.6% and 3.2% (brain) and 2.6% and 4.0% (pelvis). Histograms of real X-rays and simulated X-rays (sX-rays) were slightly shifted and showed differences at the background pixel value. Intensity profiles exhibited similar trends with some differences in absolute values. The investigated simulated X-rays demonstrated promising quality for individualized IGRT treatment preparation.