Atomistic Emergence of Vibrational Polariton Condensation

Abstract

Nonequilibrium polariton condensation is a macroscopic quantum phenomenon in which overwhelming population accumulation is observed at the band edge of the lower polariton (LP) dispersion curve under incoherent material pumping. As a promising route toward nonequilibrium Bose--Einstein condensates, its description, however, remains predominantly limited to models with phenomenological material parameters. Herein, a fully atomistic description of vibrational polariton condensation is developed by employing mesoscale cavity molecular dynamics simulations, a method which self-consistently propagates classical electromagnetic dynamics coupled to realistic molecules in a multimode Fabry--Pérot cavity. Under continuous-wave pumping, a lower polariton condensate forms when the infrared cavity is coupled to harmonic, homogeneously broadened molecular vibrations, such as the bending modes of liquid CO2 and CS2, whereas anharmonic stretching modes and liquids with fast intramolecular relaxation hardly condense. The role of libration-bending coupling for facilitating the LP condensation is further discussed. GPU-accelerated mesoscale simulations involving approximately 50 million atoms additionally provide direct two-dimensional real-space imaging of fluid-like polariton patterns during the condensation formation. Overall, this study provides key design insights into vibrational polariton condensation as a novel approach for controlling liquid-phase chemistry.