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arXiv · 2610.41269

Coarse-Graining Optimal Transport for Rollout-Free Post-Training of Flow Matching

Soon Hoe Lim·Aditi Gupta·Michael W. Mahoney·N. Benjamin Erichson
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Abstract

Flow matching depends critically on the coupling used to pair source and target samples. Optimal transport (OT) couplings can reduce velocity conflict and straighten trajectories; but, in practice, challenges remain: the source comes from a continuous distribution, only a finite number of target samples data are accessible, and the neural network has finite capacity. For these reasons, making the coupling more OT-like may not consistently improve sampling quality, in particular in the low number-of-function-evaluation (NFE) regime. Motivated by this, we introduce ReCouple, a controllable framework that constructs coarse-grained OT couplings, to better understand rollout-free OT-based post-training. We also consider extensions of this basic framework: ReCouple+ extends this toward the continuous-source setting by increasing source resolution, converging to semi-discrete OT in the appropriate limit; and ReCouple++ further adds spatial regularization, motivated by the observation that straight trajectories need not correspond to spatially simple velocity fields. Empirical validation demonstrates the effectiveness of these methods, and it reveals an NFE-dependent interplay between coupling optimality, neural realizability, and generation quality.

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Soon Hoe Lim, Aditi Gupta, Michael W. Mahoney, N. Benjamin Erichson. 2026-10-30. Coarse-Graining Optimal Transport for Rollout-Free Post-Training of Flow Matching. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41269

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