Towards reactor-relevant electromagnetic turbulence in the MAST-U spherical tokamak

Abstract

We investigate electromagnetic ion-scale turbulence in a high-performing H-mode plasma of the Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak Upgrade (MAST-U) with local gyrokinetic simulations, asking whether it approaches the non-zonal transition: the nonlinear transition to a high-flux state above a critical value of $q^{2}β_{e}$ found in simulations of STEP, where $q$ is the safety factor and $β_{e}$ the ratio of electron thermal pressure to magnetic pressure. We examine two flux surfaces: one at $t = 531\,\mathrm{ms}$, close to peak normalised pressure $β_N$, at normalised poloidal flux $ψ_N = 0.50$; and one at $t = 591\,\mathrm{ms}$ and $ψ_N = 0.60$, the ideal-ballooning-stable surface of largest $q^{2}β_e$ inside $ψ_N = 0.8$ at that time. On both surfaces the dominant ion-scale instabilities are microtearing and electromagnetic ballooning-like modes, as in STEP. Without equilibrium flow shear, at least one of the surfaces lies above the large flux threshold with every set of kinetic species we simulate, with ion-scale heat fluxes far exceeding power balance, in turbulence characterised by a highly stochastic magnetic field. Strong flow shear driven by neutral-beam injection in the real experiment suppresses this turbulence and holds the plasma below the transition. When the carbon impurity is included in the simulation, the ion-scale flux is then close to power balance on both surfaces. Without rotation, gyrokinetics suggests the transition would limit the accessible profiles. This could degrade MAST-U plasma performance using heating schemes that lack a momentum source, and this will be tested in forthcoming electron Bernstein wave heating experiments.