Nonperturbative theory of thin-vapor-layer linear optical properties: towards the optimal design of alkali-metal vapor nanocells

Abstract

Hot alkali-metal vapors confined inside nanometer-thick spectroscopic cells are highly suitable media for miniature and cheap frequency standards, magnetometers and atomic sensors. Yet, their linear optical properties in case of low to moderate atomic densities are not fully understood. The primary reason for that is the complex, strongly nonlocal optical response of such systems to the incident resonant radiation arising as the result of the free motion of atoms and their collisions with the walls. To date, calculations of reflection and transmission spectra of these cells has been restricted to perturbation theory in atomic density for the case of quenching atom-wall collisions, which substantially limited the scope of their practical applications. Here we introduce the rigorous numerical approach for computing thin-vapor-layer spectra with an accurate account for the nonlocal optical response at arbitrary optical density and layer thickness. Our model predicts a density-dependent blue shift of the resonance that is absent in the first-order perturbative description. We show that its values are comparable to the natural linewidth of an atomic transition and, therefore, too large to be neglected in most use cases. Inspired by recent experiments, we then explore a wide range of vapor layer thicknesses and study how the reflectivity and its derivative with respect to the laser detuning depend on the layer thickness. Finally, we derive an approximate expression for the thickness at which the first derivative of the reflectivity reaches its maximum that agrees closely with the rigorous numerical model and reduces to the first-order analytical result. These results provide a practical design tool for nanometer-thick spectroscopic cells in different applications as well as a starting point for further development of the theory.