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arXiv · 2611.06385

Spatial Differences Analysis of Nodal Frequency Considering Frequency-Voltage Coupling

Xiaodan Li·Donghai Zhu·Zining Liu·Zhu Guo·Jiabing Hu·Hong Rao
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Abstract

The rising penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) brings rich control dynamics that can amplify spatial differences in nodal frequency through frequency-voltage (F-V) coupling. Existing analyses often neglect voltage dynamics or only examine the aggregate frequency, leading to overoptimistic evaluation of frequency security. To address these drawbacks, this paper develops a unified model of synchronous generators (SGs), grid-following (GFL)-IBRs, and grid-forming (GFM)-IBRs based on the magnitude and phase dynamics of equivalent internal electromotive force (EMF). Integrating these source models with network equations yields a sparse implicit closed-loop model, which fully captures the device-network F-V coupling without transfer-matrix inversion. Then, the obtained nodal responses are decomposed into common and differential modes. Using this decomposition, coupling indices and pole-residue analysis reveal how F-V coupling can amplify spatial differences in nodal frequency and how source configuration and parameters modify this effect. Finally, case studies on the modified IEEE 39-bus and 118-bus test systems validate the proposed model and demonstrate its computational efficiency.

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Xiaodan Li, Donghai Zhu, Zining Liu, Zhu Guo, Jiabing Hu, Hong Rao. 2026-11-04. Spatial Differences Analysis of Nodal Frequency Considering Frequency-Voltage Coupling. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.06385

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