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arXiv · 2611.06566

Box-Shift: Fixed-Complexity Counter-Hypothesis Generation for Soft-Output MIMO Box Decoding

Shengchun Yang·Amit Sravan Bora·Emil Matúš·Gerhard Fettweis
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Abstract

Box Decoding is a sort-free tree-search multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detector with a fixed per-layer cost independent of the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) order. Its regular datapath is well suited to hardware implementation, but the detector has so far been limited to hard-output operation in uncoded systems. Its fixed four-point box spans two adjacent Gray-coded QAM levels per axis, leaving most bits without counter-hypotheses for higher-order QAM. This missing counter-hypothesis (MCH) problem prevents the direct computation of finite max-log log-likelihood ratios (LLRs). We propose the \emph{Box-Shift} algorithm, which shifts the existing box to the nearest node carrying the complementary value of each Gray-coded bit at each detection layer. Unlike Bit-Flip, Box-Shift analytically identifies the partially optimal counter-hypothesis using one inverter per bit and updates the path metric through an index-domain increment. The proposed method preserves the sort-free, QAM-order-independent structure of Box Decoding. Coded $4\times4$ MIMO simulations using 5G~NR low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding show that Box Decoding with Box-Shift achieves a $0.7$--$1.5$\,dB gain in $E_b/N_0$ over the same detector with Bit-Flip at a bit error rate of $10^{-5}$, with equal soft-candidate budgets. For the soft-candidate metrics, the incremental update of Box-Shift needs $75\%$ fewer real multiplications than the explicit evaluation of Bit-Flip at a comparable number of real additions.

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Shengchun Yang, Amit Sravan Bora, Emil Matúš, Gerhard Fettweis. 2026-11-04. Box-Shift: Fixed-Complexity Counter-Hypothesis Generation for Soft-Output MIMO Box Decoding. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.06566

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