Axial black hole perturbations in purely-metric Horndeski theories

Abstract

We study axial (odd-parity) perturbations about static and spherically-symmetric curvaturised black hole solutions of purely-metric Horndeski theories. We first review the construction of purely-metric theories of gravity with second-order equations of motion and an additional propagating scalar degree of freedom which is purely gravitational. We then revisit the formation, in a subclass of these theories, of a new branch of hairy black hole solutions under tachyonic instabilities of the scalar field near the Schwarzschild solution. Because a non-zero Ricci curvature grows and by analogy with black hole scalarisation, the latter black hole formation mechanism is dubbed \emph{curvaturisation}. We then apply the first-order approach to the dynamics of axial perturbations and find that it is equivalent to that of axial perturbations in general relativity evolving in a distinct effective metric. We explicitly provide that effective metric in terms of the background and the Lagrangian functions, and show that it shares the same causality structure as the background metric of curvaturised black holes. By turning to the Schrödinger-like formulation of the perturbations, we analyse the scattering potential and conclude that the axial perturbations of curvaturised black holes are linearly stable. Finally, we confirm these findings by explicitly computing the fundamental quasi-normal mode as well as the first five overtones for the quadrupole $\ell = 2$.