A Chandra X-ray Investigation of the Violent Interstellar Medium: From Dwarf Starbursts to Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

Abstract

We have analyzed observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory of the diffuse emission by hot gas in 7 dwarf starburst galaxies, 6 edge-on starburst galaxies, and 9 Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxies. These systems cover ranges of \~ 10^4 in X-ray luminosity and several thousand in star formation rate and K-band luminosity (a proxy for stellar mass). Despite this range in fundamental parameters, we find that the properties of the diffuse X-ray emission are very similar in all three classes of starburst galaxies. The spectrum of the diffuse emission is well fit by thermal emission from gas with kT ~ 0.25 to 0.8 keV and with several-times-solar abundance ratios of alpha elements to Fe. The ratio of the thermal X-ray to far-infrared luminosity is roughly constant, as is the characteristic surface brightness of the diffuse X-ray emission. The size of the diffuse X-ray source increases systematically with both far-infrared and K-Band luminosity. All three classes show strong morphological relationships between the regions of hot gas probed by the diffuse X-ray emission and the warm gas probed by optical line emission. These findings suggest that the same physical mechanism is producing the diffuse X-ray emission in the three types of starbursts, and are consistent with that mechanism being shocks driven by a galactic "superwind'' powered by the kinetic energy collectively supplied by stellar winds and supernovae in the starburst.