Gravitational evolution of a perturbed lattice and its fluid limit

Abstract

We apply a simple linearization, well known in solid state physics, to approximate the evolution at early times of cosmological N-body simulations of gravity. In the limit that the initial perturbations, applied to an infinite perfect lattice, are at wavelengths much greater than the lattice spacing $l$ the evolution is exactly that of a pressureless self-gravitating fluid treated in the analagous (Lagrangian) linearization, with the Zeldovich approximation as a sub-class of asymptotic solutions. Our less restricted approximation allows one to trace the evolution of the discrete distribution until the time when particles approach one another (i.e. ``shell crossing''). We calculate modifications of the fluid evolution, explicitly dependent on $l$ i.e. discreteness effects in the N body simulations. We note that these effects become increasingly important as the initial red-shift is increased at fixed $l$. The possible advantages of using a body centred cubic, rather than simple cubic, lattice are pointed out.