Black Hole Formation from Collapsing Dust Fluid in a Background of Dark Energy

Abstract

The gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric star, made of a dust fluid, $ρ_{DM}$, in a background of dark energy, $p = wρ,\; (w < -1/3)$, is studied. It is found that when only dark energy is present, black holes are {\em never} formed. When both of them are present, black holes can be formed, due to the condensation of the dust fluid. Initially the dust fluid may not play an important role, but, as time increases, it will dominate the collapse and finally leads to formation of black holes. This result remains true even when the interaction between the dust fluid and dark energy does not vanish. When $w < -1$ (phantoms), some models can also be interpreted as representing the death of a white hole that ejects both dust and phantoms. The ejected matter re-collapses to form a black hole.