Proto-Neutron Star Winds with Magnetic Fields and Rotation

Abstract

We solve the 1D neutrino-heated non-relativistic MHD wind problem for conditions that range from slowly rotating (spin period P > 10 ms) protoneutron stars (PNSs) with surface field strengths typical of radio pulsars (B < 10^13 G), to "proto-magnetars" with B ~ 10^14-10^15 G in their hypothesized rapidly rotating initial states (P ~ 1 ms). We use the simulations of Bucciantini et al. (2006) to map our monopole results onto a more physical dipole geometry and to estimate the spindown of PNSs when their winds are relativistic. We then quantify the effects of rotation and magnetic fields on the mass loss, energy loss, and r-process nucleosynthesis in PNS winds. We describe the evolution of PNS winds through the Kelvin-Helmholtz cooling epoch, emphasizing the transition between (1) thermal neutrino-driven, (2) non-relativistic magnetically-dominated, and (3) relativistic magnetically-dominated outflows. We find that proto-magnetars with P ~ 1 ms and B > 10^15 G drive relativistic winds with luminosities, energies, and Lorentz factors (magnetization sigma ~ 0.1-1000) consistent with those required to produce long duration gamma-ray bursts and hyper-energetic supernovae (SNe). A significant fraction of the rotational energy may be extracted in only a few seconds, sufficiently rapidly to alter the asymptotic energy of the SN remnant, its morphology, and, potentially, its nucleosynthetic yield. Winds from PNSs with more modest rotation periods (2 - 10 ms) and with magnetar-strength fields produce conditions significantly more favorable for the r-process than winds from slowly rotating PNSs. Lastly, we show that energy and momentum deposition by convectively-excited waves further increase the likelihood of successful r-process in PNS winds.