Differential Galois obstructions for integrability of homogeneous Newton equations

Abstract

n this paper we formulate necessary conditions for the integrability in the Jacobi sense of Newton equations $\ddot \vq=-\vF(\vq)$, where $\vq\in\C^n$ and all components of $\vF$ are polynomial and homogeneous of the same degree $l$. These conditions are derived from an analysis of the differential Galois group of the variational equations along special particular solutions of the Newton equations. We show that, taking all admissible particular solutions, we restrict considerably the set of Newton's equations satisfying the necessary conditions for the integrability. Moreover, we apply the obtained conditions for a detailed analysis of the Newton equations with two degrees of freedom (i.e., $n=2$). We demonstrate the strength of the obtained results analyzing general cases with $°F_i =l< 4$. For $l=3$ we found an integrable case when the Newton equations have two polynomial first integrals and both of them are of degree four in the momenta $p_1=\dot q_1$, and $p_2=\dot q_2$. Moreover, for an arbitrary $k$, we found a family of Newton equations depending on one parameter $λ$. For an arbitrary value of $λ$ one quadratic in the momenta first integral exist. We distinguish infinitely many values of $λ$ for which the system is integrable or superintegrable with additional polynomial first integrals which seemingly can be of an arbitrarily high degree with respect to the momenta.