Muography Simulations for Carbon Capture and Storage Monitoring
Muography can monitor CO2 storage through reservoir density changes, but site-scale simulations are costly: reservoirs can be deep and borehole detectors are small. We address both with two approaches. First, a two-stage workflow splits the kilometer-scale simulation: a fast code transports muons through the overburden, and a general-purpose Monte Carlo code through the reservoir and detectors. Second, a geometric filter at the source keeps only muons whose direction and position let them reach the detectors, within a margin for multiple scattering, and a range cut removes those with too little energy. Both are available in the UCMuon simulation suite for muon generation, filtering and transport. At a deep (800-1000 m) and a shallow (65 m) CO2 storage site, each approach reduces the computing time about 700-fold, and the filtered simulation gives the same hit rate as a full one, as long as the margin exceeds the muons' sideways scattering drift.