Measuring Healthcare Accessibility and Resilience for Smart and Connected Rural Communities: A Florida Panhandle Case Study
Rural communities in the United States face persistent healthcare disparities, with fewer providers and facilities, longer trips to care, lower health literacy, and weaker transportation and broadband infrastructure than their non-rural counterparts. Beyond any single barrier, healthcare accessibility is shaped jointly by the geographic availability of services, residents' ability to reach those services, realized utilization, and the capacity of local systems to remain operational during disruptions, which are often examined separately and at coarse spatial scales, limiting their usefulness for community planning. We present a fine-grained, multi-source longitudinal measurement study of healthcare accessibility in Florida, with a focus on the hurricane-prone Florida Panhandle. We integrate healthcare-facility points of service, monthly mobility records from January 2018 through April 2021, Census Block Group (CBG)-level demographic data, and road-network data to compare rural and non-rural communities from supply, travel, utilization, and resilience perspectives. We find that 95.57% of the Panhandle's land area is rural and that 46.7% of rural CBGs contain no healthcare facility in the pooled inventory. Rural residents have less than half the per-capita facility availability of non-rural residents. These disparities remain after measured demographic adjustment, while longitudinal patterns reveal substantial disruptions around Hurricane Michael and the COVID-19. Building on this evidence, we formulate an actionable planning framework that combines E2SFCA-based access estimation, stakeholder-weighted prioritization, and constrained deployment models for mobile clinics, non-emergency medical transportation, telehealth, and disaster-resilient services. The study demonstrates how community-oriented spatial intelligence can support equitable and resilient healthcare planning in rural regions.