Modeling the Microenvironmental Dynamics of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma in Lacrimal Gland with Treatment Intervention
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the lacrimal gland is a rare and extremely life threatening malignant tumor with a high risk of recurrence and poor long-term outcomes. On the other hand, due to its complex molecular dynamics and low incidence rate, treatment strategies are very limited. In this study, a mathematical model is developed based on the biological phenomena of the tumor microenvironment using nonlinear ordinary differential equations. It is analyzed both analytically and numerically. According to the findings, the growth of tumor cells is associated with the depletion of oxygen and nutrients, while severe hypoxia promotes the development of abnormal blood vessels and makes tumor control more difficult. Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy have been considered as treatment strategies, and we have observed that surgery alone may not be sufficient to prevent the regrowth of residual tumor cells. In addition, postoperative radiotherapy provides better control of the residual tumor burden, particularly when the remaining tumor cells have higher radiosensitivity. Furthermore, different radiotherapy interruption scenarios have been investigated, and the results indicate that longer gaps between radiotherapy doses can adversely affect the overall treatment response, leading to increased overall toxicity and a higher number of residual tumor cells at the end of the observation period. Consequently, our results suggest that postoperative radiotherapy after surgery, combined with adequate radiosensitivity of the residual tumor cells and adherence to the prescribed treatment schedule without prolonged interruptions, may reduce the risk of tumor recurrence and potentially improve long term survival.