Proton Heating Rates in the Inner Heliosphere: Helios Observations
Solar wind protons exhibit a temperature anisotropy that deviates from the double-adiabatic prediction, suggesting an additional energy source. To investigate solar wind heating mechanisms, we analyze Helios 1 and 2 data and characterize the radial evolution of the adiabatic invariants and anisotropic heating rates of fast wind protons, considering both the bulk population and its core and beam components separately. Unlike previous studies, we account for proton heat fluxes and deviations from the Parker spiral caused by large-amplitude fluctuations, which causes significant differences in the parallel heating rates compared to earlier results. Although earlier work has questioned the reliability of power laws to estimate heating rates and proposed as a more robust approach the investigation of the radial evolution of adiabatic invariants, we show that the two approaches yield consistent results when applied to the same dataset. Our analysis shows that all proton populations considered require net perpendicular heating, consistent with earlier studies. In contrast, the parallel energy evolution differs between populations. Core protons require parallel heating, whereas beam protons undergo parallel cooling although the total proton population undergoes a net parallel cooling. This behavior is consistent with the combined action of turbulence and core-beam kinetic instabilities, which together can drive preferential perpendicular heating while simultaneously produce parallel cooling in the fast solar wind. Core proton parallel heating could instead be a signature of Alfvén wave decay.