Comprehensive Analysis of Relative Pressure Estimation in Type B Aortic Dissection Utilizing 4D-Flow MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can estimate three-dimensional (3D) time-resolved blood velocity fields using 4D-flow MRI, providing rich relative pressure field information. Clinical alternatives---catheterization and Doppler echocardiography---provide one-dimensional pressure drops. While the accuracy of one-dimensional pressure drops from 4D-flow has been explored, the accuracy of 3D relative pressure field estimates requires further evaluation. This work analyzes three state-of-the-art relative pressure estimators: virtual Work-Energy Relative Pressure (vWERP), the Pressure Poisson Estimator (PPE), and the Stokes Estimator (STE). Spatiotemporal characteristics and noise sensitivity were determined in silico via comparison with CFD-derived relative pressure fields. Estimators were then validated using a type B aortic dissection (TBAD) flow phantom with varying tear geometry and twelve catheter pressure measurements. Finally, each estimator was evaluated across eight patient cases in a clinical feasibility analysis. Estimators were cross-compared and evaluated for coherence since no reference catheter pressure measurements were available. PPE outperformed STE in the in silico relative pressure analysis, while both outperformed vWERP in plane-to-plane assessment. High velocity gradients and low spatial resolution contributed most significantly to local variations in 3D relative pressure field errors. Low temporal resolution led to systematic underestimation of highly transient peak pressure events. In the flow phantom analysis, vWERP was the most accurate method, followed by STE and then PPE. Each relative pressure estimator was strongly correlated with ground truth relative pressure values, despite the tendency to underestimate peak relative pressure. Patient case results demonstrated that each relative pressure estimator could be feasibly integrated into a clinical workflow.