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E. Bulbul

Publications and source records attributed to E. Bulbul.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2026

The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: X-ray scaling relations of galaxy groups and clusters in the western Galactic hemisphere

The soft X-ray telescope on board the SRG mission, eROSITA, has produced the largest sample to date of galaxy groups and clusters detected via their intracluster and intragroup medium emission. Scaling relations between the intrinsic properties of these systems provide valuable insight into their formation and evolution. In this work, we investigated the scaling relations between key physical properties, such as soft band X-ray luminosity, temperature, gas mass, and the low-scatter mass proxy $Y_{\rm X}$, for the galaxy groups and clusters detected in the first eROSITA All-Sky Survey (eRASS1). Our analysis fully accounts for selection effects and the redshift evolution of the observable distributions. We constructed a high-purity sample of $3061$ galaxy groups and clusters spanning the redshift range of $0.05 3$~keV, our inferred $L_{\rm X}-T$ relation is consistent with simulation models that include strong or stronger AGN feedback.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

Optical Depths from the Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect with ACT DR6 and DESI DR1 Spectroscopic Galaxies and Optically-Selected Clusters

We present stacked thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect measurements for three samples of galaxy groups and clusters: those traced by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Intstrument Data Release 1 (DESI DR1) luminous red galaxies (LRG) and the DESI DR1 Bright Galaxy Sample (BGS), and an eROMaPPer optically-selected sample from the DESI Legacy Imaging Survey. We use the latest Atacama Cosmology Telescope DR6 (ACT)+Planck component-separated internal linear combination (ILC) Compton-$y$ maps and ACT+Planck coadded 90, 150, and 220 GHz temperature maps to extract the tSZ signal within a $\sim2'$ disk aperture for sources binned by luminosity, richness, or mass. We measure the average tSZ signal with high statistical significance, with signal-to-noise ratios surpassing 38 for LRG, 27 for BGS, and 39 for the eROMaPPer sample using the 90 GHz ACT DR6+Planck map. We conduct a detailed study of systematics and foregrounds such as dust and cosmic infrared background (CIB) contamination, which remain a core challenge for tSZ analysis. For the LRG and BGS samples, we find that dust and radio source emission dominate the tSZ signal at scales near and below the disk aperture radius. Large-scale ($R>4'$) contamination from the CIB is less significant. We mitigate these contaminants to isolate the tSZ signal and use a combination of simulated and real measurements to develop Compton-$y-$optical depth ($\bar y-\bar τ$) scaling relations to infer optical depths, which are found to be in agreement with values measured using the pairwise kinematic SZ effect for the same tracer samples. The $\bar y-\bar τ$ scaling relation for the eROMaPPer sample is the first such relationship to be derived directly from SZ measurements.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: Early dark energy and Hubble constant from the cluster mass function

The evolution of the mass function of massive galaxy clusters is a well-established probe of cosmology. Using the eROSITA X-ray instrument on board the Spectrum Roentgen Gamma (SRG) mission, the western Galactic hemisphere of eROSITA's first All-Sky Survey (eRASS1) delivers a uniformly selected and securely confirmed sample of 5259 galaxy clusters spanning $0.1 < z < 0.8$. When combined with overlapping weak lensing data from DES Year 3, KiDS, and HSC for mass calibration, this dataset enables precise tests of the standard $Λ$CDM framework and beyond. In this work, we use the $0.1 < z < 0.45$ subsample of the eRASS1 cluster catalog to place constraints on an axion-like Early Dark Energy (EDE) scenario. Such models have been proposed as a possible mechanism to alleviate the tension between early- and late-Universe measurements of the Hubble constant. In this framework, a scalar field temporarily enhances the cosmic expansion rate around the epoch of recombination before rapidly diluting at later times, leaving distinct imprints on structure growth. We leverage these signatures to present the first constraints on EDE derived from galaxy cluster number counts. Using eRASS1 number counts alone, we obtain an upper limit on the maximum EDE fraction of $f_{\rm EDE} < 0.3$, consistent with primary CMB analyses. Combining our cluster analysis with primary CMB measurements, baryon acoustic oscillations, and CMB lensing, while notably excluding distance-ladder calibration data, yields results consistent with a nonzero EDE contribution and $H_0$ values compatible with late-Universe measurements. The most significant detection, at $\sim 3.2σ$, arises from the joint analysis of the eRASS1 sample with the full set of external datasets, yielding $f_{\rm EDE} = 0.10^{+0.04}_{-0.03}$ and $H_0 = 71.4 \pm 1.4$ km/s/Mpc. [ABRIDGED]

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

The incidence of eROSITA X-ray AGN in the local Universe: from dwarf to massive galaxies

Combining deep, wide-area X-ray surveys with multi-wavelength catalogues provides insights into rare, highly-accreting AGN and low-mass galaxies at low redshift, the latter potentially representing local analogues of the first galaxies in the early Universe. We use the four-pass eROSITA All Sky Survey to select the largest catalogue of X-ray AGN in a highly complete sample of low-redshift galaxies, including low-mass (logM*/Msol<10) ones. We probe their distribution of specific accretion rates, $λ$_SAR, and the cumulative AGN fraction above varying $λ$_SAR thresholds. Our parent sample consists of ~5.35 million galaxies selected from the Legacy Survey DR10 with z-band fluxes brighter than 20 mag and redshifts 0.03 10^-3, we find a cumulative AGN fraction of ~1% for low-mass galaxies, placing a firm lower limit on the black hole occupation fraction in this regime. Overall, our specific accretion rate distributions, sampling down to the as-of-yet unexplored low-mass regime, highlight a more nuanced, mass-dependent view of AGN growth and accretion history that must be taken into account in future modelling.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey DR2: Cumulative X-ray catalogues from the first three surveys and multi-wavelength counterparts in the western Galactic hemisphere

The eROSITA telescope array on board the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) mission began its all-sky survey program in December 2019, scanning the sky at an approximately six-month cadence. Here, we present new catalogues of point-like and extended X-ray sources derived from the first three completed eROSITA all-sky surveys (eRASS:3), covering the western Galactic hemisphere, which Germany's eROSITA consortium holds proprietary rights for. We describe the observational strategy, data processing, and analysis pipelines. We also characterise the resulting X-ray source populations. The eRASS:3 main catalogue contains nearly two million sources, including 1,911,744 point-like and 63,796 extended sources, detected in the 0.2-2.3 keV energy band, eROSITA's most sensitive energy window. This volume has doubled the X-ray source content of eRASS1 and provides a comprehensive census of X-ray-emitting objects across diverse astrophysical classes. We also released a secondary hard catalogue of nearly 15,000 sources detected in the harder 2.3-5.0 keV energy band. In addition, we released six catalogues, three for the main sample and three for the hard sample, in which we identify and classify the optical and infrared counterparts of eRASS:3 point-like sources. This approach delivers a homogeneous, high-quality identification of mostly extragalactic X-ray emitters; for example, we estimate that approximately 88% of the 1.4 million counterparts identified within the footprints of the Legacy Survey Imaging for DESI are extragalactic sources. This work has enabled the generation of samples optimised for completeness and purity, while expanding the discovery space for rare populations. The second data release (DR2) of the SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey is a catalogue-only release, comprising the catalogues presented in this work together with an updated version of the eROSITA upper flux limit server.

astro-ph.HE↗
arXiv2026

Thermal or Non-thermal? Diffuse emission in the infall region of stacked galaxy groups

The faint infall regions surrounding the virial radius of galaxy groups remain largely unexplored due to their low X-ray surface brightness. Using the large statistical power of SRG/eROSITA survey observations, we present the first spectroscopic measurement of the intragroup medium (IGrM) in the infall regions of a large sample of low-mass galaxy groups ($M_{\rm tot}<1\times10^{14}\,M_{sun}$), extending to $\sim2\,R_{200m}$ (2.2 Mpc). Through spectral stacking of 827 nearby groups from the first eROSITA All-Sky Survey catalog, we detect diffuse emission and measure the thermodynamic properties of gas at densities previously inaccessible to X-ray observations. The stacked spectra are well described by a Gaussian differential emission measure model, yielding a temperature distribution with a mean temperature of $0.96_{-0.04}^{+0.05}$ keV and width of $0.28_{-0.10}^{+0.10}$ keV, and a metal abundance of $0.21_{-0.04}^{+0.06}$ A$_{sun}$, consistent with expectations for group outskirts. The inferred electron densities decrease from $(4.8\pm1.3)\times10^{-5}$cm$^{-3}$ at $(0.7-2)\,R_{500c}$ to $(5.5\pm2.0)\times10^{-6}$ cm$^{-3}$ at $(2-4)\,R_{500c}$, demonstrating eROSITA's ability to probe the low-density outskirts of galaxy groups. Residual emission in the spectra suggests the presence of an additional spectral component. While a secondary thermal interpretation requires an unexpectedly hot, metal-poor plasma, a non-thermal inverse Compton model provides an equally plausible explanation, contributing $\sim30\%$ of the thermal flux. Assuming that the additional component is produced by inverse Compton emission from a common population of relativistic electrons, the inferred magnetic field strength would be in the sub-$μ$G regime.

astro-ph.HE↗
arXiv2026

The eROSITA X-ray luminosity function of active galactic nuclei

The X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of active galactic nuclei (AGN) provides an observational probe of the growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) across cosmic time. With its large survey grasp, Spectrum Roentgen Gamma (SRG)/eROSITA samples the luminosity--redshift plane with a depth--area balance complementary to pencil-beam surveys, providing the volume needed to detect rare luminous AGN, previously limited by small-number statistics. We measure the soft XLF, leveraging an eROSITA sample spanning approximately eight orders of magnitude in luminosity out to $z\simeq6$. This enables us to study luminosity-dependent evolution with improved constraints, and to infer both the SMBH accretion history and optical/UV missed AGN population. We introduce a new redshift-dependent smoothly broken power-law parameterisation in which all XLF model parameters are allowed to evolve continuously with redshift. We find lower space densities for moderately and very luminous AGN at low redshift, while the abundance is higher than previously found at the highest redshifts. Comparisons to optical/UV quasar LFs converted to rest-frame $2\!-\!10\,\mathrm{keV}$ show that the UV-missed fraction decreases with luminosity, and, in the most luminous bin, increases with redshift. Integrating the XLF yields a black-hole accretion-rate density peaking at $z \simeq 1.5$, with the corresponding cumulative black-hole mass density indicating $\sim80^{+11}_{-23}\%$ obscured growth relative to locally-inferred BH mass estimates derived from scaling relations and missed by the soft X-ray selection of our sample. With this work, we release the eROSITA DR2 AGN catalogue, including counterparts and their redshift information. We then discuss how these results can inform future spectroscopic, photometric, and X-ray survey strategies aimed at improving AGN demographic constraints.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

Simulation-Based Inference for Cluster Cosmology with Set-Based Neural Network Architectures

The unprecedented statistical power of galaxy cluster catalogs from the SRG (Spectrum Roentgen Gamma)/eROSITA All-Sky Survey provides a unique opportunity to place stringent constraints on cosmological models through measurements of structure growth. Fully exploiting the potential of these large X-ray-selected cluster samples, however, requires robust statistical frameworks that accurately connect observable quantities to the underlying cosmological parameters. We develop and implement a simulation-based inference (SBI) framework for cosmological parameter estimation using a realistic mock-generation pipeline calibrated on eRASS1 simulations. Synthetic galaxy cluster catalogs are propagated through the survey selection function to produce mock eRASS1 observations that reproduce the data's statistical properties. At the core of the method lies a set-based neural network (GNN on sets) that encodes information from individual clusters and is coupled to a masked autoregressive flow for flexible posterior density estimation. This approach enables the use of the full cluster-level information content without compressing the observables into binned summary statistics. Our framework recovers the input cosmologies within the inferred uncertainties, and passes calibration tests, demonstrating robustness in the presence of realistic survey effects. We obtain mock constraints of 11.5% on $Ω_m$ and 4.4% on $σ_8$ averaged over a suite of simulated cluster catalogs matching the effective sample size of the data set (3,259 clusters). We achieve a precision comparable to that obtained with traditional MCMC analyses based on substantially larger cluster samples. The framework is readily extensible to more complex forward models and additional observables. This work highlights the potential of SBI methods for next-generation large-scale structure analyses with forthcoming X-ray cluster surveys.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

The three-dimensional shapes of the galaxy cluster intracluster medium in eRASS1

The three-dimensional shapes of clusters are important for understanding the astrophysics of the clusters and as a probe in cosmological studies. We estimate the most probable three-dimensional shape of galaxy clusters in the first eROSITA All-sky survey eRASS1 using stereology. Our sample is the largest well-defined sample of clusters, and the most probable shape estimated using our method can be used as a prior for cluster shape models in cosmological, cluster, and weak lensing studies. The first all-sky survey with SRG/ eROSITA resulted in a sample of approximately 12,000 optically confirmed galaxy groups and clusters. We used a well-defined subsample of 3254 clusters from the eRASS1 survey and estimated the most probable shape of the clusters by constraining the probability density function (PDF) of the ellipticity of the clusters. We simulated the projected appearance of clusters with a distribution of three-dimensional shapes (prolate and oblate) and obtained the distribution of their ellipticity. This distribution was then compared with the measured distribution of ellipticities from the eRASS1 cluster sample to infer the three-dimensional shapes consistent with the data. We used Monte Carlo methods to estimate the most probable axial ratios l, w, where l $\equiv$ L/T ,w $\equiv$ W/T , and L, W, T are major, intermediate, and minor axes of the cluster. We did not require any additional probe (optical, SZ, etc.) to constrain the probable shape of the clusters. We describe the ellipticity PDF of the eRASS1 clusters with a normal distribution mean ($μ$) = 0.79 and a standard deviation ($σ$) = 0.25. The most probable shape of the clusters in our eRASS1 subsample is estimated to be (l, w) = (1.51 $\pm$ 0.27, 1.17 $\pm$ 0.27), with prolate shapes being preferred over oblate shapes.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): X-ray stacking analysis of Subaru's optically selected clusters spanning low richness regime

This is the second paper in a series exploring the X-ray properties of galaxy clusters optically selected by the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey, using data from the SRG/eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS). We aim to investigate scaling relations between observable cluster properties and mass, and to study the radial X-ray profiles of a large sample of optically selected clusters. We analyze a sample of 997 CAMIRA clusters with richness $N > 15$ and redshifts of $0.1 < z < 1.3$. Using bolometric luminosities derived from count rates and a weak-lensing mass calibration, we study the $L-M$ and $N-M$ scaling relations through stacking analysis, while accounting for selection effects and redshift evolution. We also compare clusters with and without X-ray counterparts in the eFEDS catalog in terms of their scaling relations and surface brightness profiles. The best-fit $L-M$ slope ($1.56^{+0.14}_{-0.12}$) is slightly steeper than the self-similar prediction, yet remains consistent with our previous findings. The $N-M$ slope ($0.766^{+0.070}_{-0.060}$) broadly agrees with theoretical expectations and other optical samples. The data do not require any additional redshift evolution beyond the standard self-similar scaling, although current constraints on evolution remain weak. X-ray detected clusters exhibit a marginally steeper $L-M$ slope, higher central surface brightness, and more centrally concentrated X-ray profiles than undetected systems. Our results highlight systematic differences in the X-ray properties between optically and X-ray selected cluster samples. This study extends scaling relation analyses into lower mass and luminosity regimes, demonstrating the value of combining deep X-ray and optical surveys like eROSITA and Subaru HSC.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: Constraints on Ultra-light Axion Dark Matter through Galaxy Cluster Number Counts

Ultralight axions are hypothetical scalar particles that influence the evolution of large-scale structures of the Universe. Depending on their mass, they can potentially be part of the dark matter component of the Universe as candidates commonly referred to as fuzzy dark matter. While strong constraints have been established for pure fuzzy dark matter models, the more general scenario where ultralight axions constitute only a fraction of the dark matter has been limited to only a few observational probes. In this work, we use the galaxy cluster number counts obtained from the first All-Sky Survey (eRASS1) of the SRG/eROSITA mission together with gravitational weak lensing data from the Dark Energy Survey, the Kilo-Degree Survey, and the Hyper Suprime-Cam to constrain the fraction of ultralight axions in the mass range $10^{-32}$ eV to $10^{-24}$ eV. We put upper bounds on the ultralight axion relic density $Ω_\mathrm{a}$ in independent logarithmic axion mass bins by performing a full cosmological parameter inference. We find an exclusion region in the intermediate ultralight axion mass regime with the tightest bounds reported so far in the mass bins around $m_\text{a} = 10^{-27}$ eV with $Ω_\text{a} < 0.0035$ and $m_\text{a} = 10^{-26}$ eV with $Ω_\text{a} < 0.0079$ (95% C.L.). When combined with cosmic microwave background probes, these bounds are tightened to $Ω_\text{a} < 0.0030$ in the $m_\text{a} = 10^{-27}$ eV mass bin and $Ω_\text{a} < 0.0058$ in the $m_\mathrm{a} = 10^{-26}$ eV mass bin (95% C.L.). This is the first time that constraints on ultralight axions have been obtained using the growth of structure measured by galaxy cluster number counts. These results pave the way for large surveys, which can be utilized to obtain tight constraints on the mass and relic density of ultralight axions with better theoretical modeling of the abundance of halos.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey. Detection of shock-heated gas beyond the halo boundary into the accretion region

The hot gas in the outskirts of galaxy cluster-sized halos, extending around and beyond the virial radius into nearby accretion regions, remains among one of the least explored baryon components of the large-scale cosmic structure. We present a stacking analysis of 680 galaxy clusters located in the western Galactic hemisphere, using data from the first two years of the SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey. The stacked X-ray surface brightness (SB) profile reveals a statistically significant signal extending out to 2 r_200m (~4.5 Mpc). The best-fit SB profile is well described by a combination of terms describing orbiting and infalling gas, with a transition occurring around r_200m. At this radius, the gas number density corresponds to a baryon overdensity of about 30. By integrating the density profile out to r_200m, we inferred a gas fraction exceeding the universal baryon fraction, assuming a typical halo concentration. However, correcting for possible clumping effects reduces the baryon fraction by more than 20%. Additionally, we examined the distribution of hot gas in massive clusters in the IllustrisTNG simulations, from the halo center to the accretion region. This analysis reveals differences in radial gas profiles depending on whether the direction points toward voids or toward nearby cosmic filaments. Beyond r_200m, the density profile along the filament direction exceeds that along the void direction. This pattern aligns with the observed transition radius between the one-halo and two-halo terms, suggesting that r_200m is the approximate radius marking the location at which cosmic filaments connect to galaxy clusters. Meanwhile, comparisons of the gas density and gas fraction profiles between the observation and the IllustrisTNG simulation suggest that the feedback processes in the stacking sample are more efficient at distributing gas to large radii than the IllustrisTNG model.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

Intracluster Medium Fluctuations on Scales up to 1 Mpc: A Combined eROSITA and SPT/Planck Analysis of Abell 3266

Galaxy clusters form through hierarchical assembly, where smaller substructures merge to build the largest gravitationally bound objects in the universe. These mergers, combined with feedback from AGN, filamentary accretion, and other energy injection processes, generate turbulence and perturbations within the intra-cluster medium (ICM). X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) observations can be utilized to measure these ICM density and pressure inhomogeneities, in turn providing constraints on the effective Equation of State (EOS) of the perturbations and ICM velocities. In this work, we analyze deep SRG-eROSITA and Planck/SPT observations of Abell 3266 (A3266), a dynamically complex merging cluster with elongated morphology and significant substructure. We measure pressure and density fluctuations, and compute the power spectra and deprojected 3D amplitudes of these perturbations. We estimate the ratio of pressure-to-density fluctuation amplitudes as $1.00 \pm 0.55$ and non-thermal pressure support $0.068 \pm 0.050$. Density fluctuations are found to be stronger in the northern sector of the cluster compared to the south, consistent with ongoing accretion along a filamentary structure revealed by eROSITA. Further, we find the amplitude of density fluctuations increases with radius, qualitatively consistent with the trend found in cosmological simulations. Uncertainties in our results are dominated by the relatively low sensitivity of current Planck/SPT data, suggesting that improvements in SZ data quality could substantially improve our understanding of ICM energy injection, transport, and dissipation from this technique.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: The morphologies of clusters of galaxies: II. The intrinsic distributions of morphological parameters

X-ray selected surveys of clusters of galaxies have been reported to contain more regular cool core clusters compared to samples selected using the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. Morphology population studies on X-ray selected clusters will be biased without taking into account selection, as cool cores are more easily detected at low redshifts, but can be mistaken for point sources at high redshift. eROSITA, aboard SRG, found over 12000 optically-identified clusters in its first survey, eRASS1. Taking account of the selection function obtained from simulations, we obtain using a Bayesian framework the intrinsic distribution of morphological parameters, including the concentration, central density, cuspiness, ellipticity and slosh. We construct scaling relations for the parameters as a function of redshift (z) and luminosity (LX), and study their distribution within z or LX bins. We find that the concentration in a scaled aperture evolves positively with LX, similarly to the central scaled density, and negatively with z. When using a fixed aperture, its evolution with LX is lower, but also dependent on the choice of cluster centre. The mean ellipticity does not significantly evolve with z or LX. eRASS1 clusters show indications of higher concentrations compared to SZ-selected objects, even after taking account the selection; this suggests that if our X-ray selection model is correct SZ-selected clusters may also suffer from morphological selection effects. We compare different parameter distribution models in bins of z and LX. The distribution of concentration and ellipticity is generally consistent with a normal one, but other parameters such as the central density and cuspiness strongly favour more complex distributions. However, modelling of all clusters as a single population generally prefers non-normal distributions. [abridged]

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2025

The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey $J$-Band Follow-Up Observations for Selected High-Redshift Galaxy Cluster Candidates

We select galaxy cluster candidates from the high-redshift (BEST_Z > 0.9) end of the first SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey (eRASS1) galaxy cluster catalogue, for which we obtain moderately deep J-band imaging data with the OMEGA2000 camera at the 3.5m telescope of the Calar Alto Observatory. We include J-band data of four additional targets obtained with the three-channel camera at the 2m Fraunhofer telescope at the Wendelstein Observatory. We complement the new J-band photometric catalogue with forced photometry in the i- and z-bands of the tenth data release of the Legacy Survey (LSDR10) to derive the radial colour distribution around the eRASS1 clusters. Without assuming a priori to find a cluster red sequence at a specific colour, we try to find a radially weighted colour over-density to confirm the presence of high-redshift optical counterparts for the X-ray emission. We compare our confirmation with optical properties derived in earlier works based on LSDR10 data to refine the existing high-redshift cluster confirmation of eROSITA-selected clusters. We attempt to calibrate the colour-redshift-relation including the new J-band data by comparing our obtained photometric redshift estimate with the spectroscopic redshift of a confirmed, optically selected, high-redshift galaxy cluster. We confirm 9 out of 18 of the selected galaxy cluster candidates with a radial over-density of similar coloured galaxies for which we provide a photometric redshift estimate. We can report an increase in the relative colour measurement precision from 8% to 4% when including J-band data. In conclusion, our findings indicate a not insignificant spurious contaminant fraction at the high-redshift end (BEST_Z > 0.9) of the eROSITA/eRASS1 galaxy cluster catalogue, as well as it underlines the necessity for wide and deep near infrared imaging data for confirmation and characterisation of high-$z$ galaxy clusters.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2025

The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: Constraints on AGN Feedback in Galaxy Groups

We investigate the impact of AGN feedback, on the entropy and characteristic temperature measurements of galaxy groups detected in the SRG/eROSITA's first All-Sky Survey (eRASS1) to shed light on the characteristics of the feedback mechanisms. We analyze deeper eROSITA observations of 1178 galaxy groups detected in eRASS1. We divide the sample into 271 subsamples and extract average thermodynamic properties, including electron density, temperature, and entropy at three characteristic radii along with the integrated temperature by jointly analyzing X-ray images and spectra following a Bayesian approach. We present the tightest constraints on the impact of AGN feedback through our average entropy and characteristic temperature measurements of the largest group sample used in X-ray studies, incorporating major systematics in our analysis. We find that entropy shows an increasing trend with temperature in the form of a power-law-like relation at the higher intra-group medium temperatures, while for the low mass groups, a slight flattening is observed on the average entropy. Overall, the observed entropy measurements agree well with the earlier measurements in the literature. The comparisons with the state-of-the-art cosmological hydrodynamic simulations (MillenniumTNG, Magneticum, OWL simulations) after the applications of the selection function calibrated for our galaxy groups reveal that observed entropy profiles in the cores are below the predictions of simulations. At the mid-region, the entropy measurements agree well with the Magneticum simulations, whereas the predictions of MillenniumTNG and OWL simulations fall below observations. At the outskirts, the overall agreement between the observations and simulations improves, with Magneticum simulations reproducing the observations the best. Our measurements will pave the way for more realistic AGN feedback implementations in simulations.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2025

Euclid preparation. Establishing the quality of the 2D reconstruction of the filaments of the cosmic web with DisPerSE using Euclid photometric redshifts

Cosmic filaments are prominent structures of the matter distribution of the Universe. Modern detection algorithms are an efficient way to identify filaments in large-scale observational surveys of galaxies. Many of these methods were originally designed to work with simulations and/or well-sampled spectroscopic surveys. When spectroscopic redshifts are not available, the filaments of the cosmic web can be detected in projection using photometric redshifts in slices along the Line of Sight, which enable the exploration of larger cosmic volumes. However, this comes at the expense of a lower redshift precision. It is therefore crucial to assess the differences between filaments extracted from exact redshifts and from photometric redshifts for a specific survey. We apply this analysis to capture the uncertainties and biases of filament extractions introduced by using the photometric sample of the Euclid Wide Survey. The question that we address in this work is how can we compare two filament samples derived with redshifts of different precisions in the Euclid Wide Survey context. We apply the cosmic web detection algorithm DisPerSE, in the redshift range $0.1 \leq z \leq 0.5$, to the GAlaxy Evolution and Assembly (GAEA) simulated galaxy sample which reproduces several characteristics of the Euclid Wide Survey. We develop a method to compare skeletons derived from photometric redshifts to those derived from true galaxy positions. This method expands the commonly used measure of distance between filaments to include geometrical (angles between filaments) and astrophysical considerations (galaxy mass gradients and connectivity-mass relations). We assess whether this approach strengthens our ability to correctly identify filaments in very large surveys such as the Euclid Wide Survey. [abridged]

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2025

The eROSITA view on the halo mass-temperature relation: From low-mass groups to massive clusters

Galaxy groups and clusters are among the best probes of structure formation and growth in a cosmological context. Most of their baryonic component is dominated by the intracluster medium (ICM), whose thermodynamical properties serve as indicators of the halo's dynamical state and can be used for the halo mass determination in the self-similar scenario. However, baryonic processes, such as AGN feedback and gas cooling, may affect the global properties of the ICM, especially in the group regime. These effects might lead to deviations from self-similar predictions in galaxy groups' scaling relations, while they remain in place for massive galaxy clusters. Additionally, the low-mass end of the scaling relations, ranging from $10^{13}$ to $10^{14} M_\odot$, remains unclear and poorly populated, as current X-ray surveys detect only the brightest groups. Here, we present the Mass-Temperature relation across the full mass range, from massive clusters to low-mass groups ($10^{13}M_\odot$), as observed by eROSITA. Using spectral stacking from eROSITA eRASS1 data for optically selected galaxy groups, we find that, in the lower mass range, galaxy groups follow the power-law relation known for galaxy clusters. We further validate these results by conducting the same stacking procedure on mock eRASS:4 data using the Magneticum hydrodynamical simulation. This indicates that AGN feedback is more likely to affect the distribution of baryons in the intragroup medium rather than the overall halo gas temperature. No significant changes in the Mass-Temperature relation slope suggest that temperature can serve as a reliable mass proxy across the entire mass range. This validates the use of temperature-derived masses, particularly in cosmological studies, significantly broadening the mass range and enabling applications such as improving the cluster mass function studies and cosmological parameter estimate.

astro-ph.GA↗