Restrictions of Infinite Circuits
We present a new approach to lower bounds on Borel rank via a connection between Borel sets and infinite circuits. We prove an infinite analog to Håstad's switching lemma called the \emph{restriction lemma}, which shows that by fixing the values of some inputs, we can simultaneously reduce the complexity of one Borel function while largely maintaining the complexity of another. This result provides a purely combinatorial proof of the Borel hierarchy theorem, as well as simple proofs of various Ramsey-like properties of Borel sets and functions. We prove that the restriction lemma is sharp and also discuss counterexamples demonstrating the limitations of the restriction technique, in the context of both Borel functions and $\mathsf{AC}^0$ circuit families.