Pinpointing the cosmic web between massive galaxy clusters I. The incidence of HI and OVI as WHIM tracers
At redshift z<1, the $Λ$CDM paradigm predicts that $\sim$40-50\% of baryons reside in the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) within cosmic web filaments. Characterizing the physical state and distribution of this dominant baryonic component is crucial for a complete picture of baryon evolution in the low-redshift Universe. However, directly observing the WHIM has been challenging due to its low density and high temperature and ionization state. Absorption-line spectroscopy offers a promising approach, particularly through analyses of broad Ly-$α$ absorbers (BLAs; Doppler parameter b>40 km/s) and OVI absorbers. This work focuses on probing WHIM signatures by analyzing the incidence rates of these tracers in and around putative cosmic web filaments connecting massive galaxy clusters. We use far-ultraviolet (FUV) absorption spectroscopy from HST/COS along ten QSO sightlines at z<1, selected for their proximity in projected distance and velocity to cluster pairs. We focus on absorption features of WHIM tracers (BLAs and OVI) and cold-gas tracers (narrow Ly-$α$ absorbers, or NLAs; b<40 km/s), which are used as a control sample for colder gas. We measure excess incidence rates for total HI, NLAs, BLAs, and OVI within a rest-frame $Δv=\pm1000$ km/s and an impact parameter $Δd<3$ Mpc relative to the field expectation, and find that the excesses of BLAs and OVI are about twice those of NLAs. Additionally, the covering fractions of BLAs and OVI appear larger by factors of $\sim$1.7 and 1.8, respectively, than in a random field control sample, whereas the NLA covering fraction is consistent with the random expectation. The larger relative excess of WHIM tracers compared to cold-gas tracers near independent cluster pairs indicates the prevalence of warm-hot gas in these environments, representing a potential signature of WHIM detection in inter-cluster filaments.