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Jorryt Matthee

Publications and source records attributed to Jorryt Matthee.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Calcium Triplet Absorption is Common around Little Red Dots

We present new evidence for an optically thick atmosphere surrounding Little Red Dots (LRDs) in the form of Ca absorption at rest-frame 8500A, the calcium triplet (CaT). Building on the detection of CaT absorption in one local LRD analog (the "Egg", Lin et. al. 2025), we investigate the region around rest-frame 8500A for an archival sample of 17 LRDs ($2 < z < 5$) with JWST/NIRSpec grating data. We detect CaT absorption in three individual sources, and find that on average there is an absorption equivalent width (EW) EW$_{\rm CaT} \approx -5$ A. Among the three detections, two are approaching the deepest absorption seen in integrated light from stars. Given that the continuum around CaT is probably dominated by the central engine, we argue that the absorbers are likely to be associated with the LRD. Such absorption has not historically been associated with any components of an AGN central engine, but a cool, optically thick photosphere as proposed for LRDs would naturally produce such absorption. The EW$_{\rm CaT}$ that we observe can be matched by hydrostatic atmosphere models at relatively low metallicity ([M/H]$<-1$) combined with an effective temperature $T_{\rm eff} > 4500$ K. Alternatively, the distribution can be matched at a low photospheric gas density $ρ_{\rm ph}<10^{-11}{\rm~g~cm^{-3}}$ that requires a non-hydrostatic gas structure on dynamical grounds. In the future, metal absorption lines should be a powerful complementary probe of the gas conditions, and possibly the enclosed mass, of LRDs.

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Balmer Absorption Series and Broad Metal Lines in Two Luminous Little Red Dots

Balmer absorption is common among little red dots (LRDs), but absorbers at or redward of systemic are rare, occurring in only $\sim10-15$\% of H$α$ absorbers. In this paper, we study two such exceptional cases with deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy: 15 hr of high-resolution (G395H) observations of RUBIES-EGS-49140 (z=6.68), resolving the absorption in all four transitions from H$α$ through H$δ$, and medium-resolution spectroscopy (10 hr of G235M, 2 hr of G395M) of UNCOVER-A2744-45924 (z=4.46; 1.7x magnification). Both sources are among the optically reddest and most luminous LRDs known, and both show deep, near-systemic Balmer absorption troughs. We find two systematic trends along the Balmer series: the absorption centroids become more redshifted toward higher-order transitions, while the absorbed equivalent widths decline only weakly with increasing order, far less than expected from the atomic optical-depth ratios for a single attenuating screen. Ca\,{\sc{ii}}\,K is detected in absorption in both sources, whose offset follows the H$α$ trough rather than the more redshifted higher-order Balmer lines. We further report the detection of a broad base in [Ne\,{\sc{iii}}]\,$λ$3870, along with broad [O\,{\sc{iii}}]\,$λ$4364, [O\,{\sc{iii}}]\,$\lambda5008$, and He\,{\sc{i}}\,$\lambda5877,\lambda7067$, while He\,{\sc{ii}}\,$λ$4687 remains undetected or weak. Standard AGN photoionization models cannot reproduce the observed line ratios, whereas AGNs with high gas densities provide a consistent explanation, as also indicated by the anomalously high He\,{\sc{i}}\,$\lambda7067/\lambda5877$ ratio. A possible explanation for the relative strengths of the Balmer absorption lines could be a dense, optically thick medium whose re-emission modifies their apparent absorption strengths, while the velocity progression may arise from stratification in the absorbing gas.

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A dense, metal-rich absorber driven by a heavily dust-obscured galaxy: The direct evidence of CGM enrichment at $z\sim7$

We report the serendipitous discovery of a dense, metal-enriched circumgalactic medium (CGM) absorber at z=7.03, together with its host galaxy, identified along the sightline toward a red quasar. The absorber exhibits the largest rest-frame equivalent widths and column densities observed to date at z>5, tracing a metal-enriched gaseous halo. Using deep JWST/NIRSpec and NOEMA observations, we characterize the absorber's physical properties and identify its host, ND1, as a vigorously star-forming galaxy at an exceptionally close impact parameter of ~16kpc, so heavily dust-obscured that it is detected only in the longest-wavelength NIRCam bands. Detections of [OIII]$λ$5007, H$α$, and [CII]$λ158\,μ$m emission anchor the systemic redshift to z~7.0321, revealing a coherent ~50km/s blueshift of the absorbing gas relative to the host, suggesting outflow-driven metal transport into the halo. The outflow velocity, combined with the measured column density, implies an outflow rate of $\dot{M}_{\rm out}=64 M_\odot\,yr^{-1}$ and a mass loading factor $η=3$, indicating an energetic, chemically-enriched wind launched from a dust-obscured starburst. While the overall ionization state and [Mg/Fe] ratio align with empirical cosmic evolutionary trends, the absorber displays an enhanced carbon-to-oxygen ([C/O]) ratio. This abundance pattern suggests the nucleosynthetic yields of Population~III stellar explosions, and aligns with the host's star-formation history extending to $z \gtrsim 8$, potentially offering a rare fossil record of primordial metal enrichment. Our findings demonstrate that intense star-formation feedback can rapidly and efficiently pollute the CGM/IGM well into the Epoch of Reionization. The NIR-dark nature of the host further implies that rest-UV surveys may systematically miss the dusty sources that drive CGM- and IGM-scale metal enrichment in the early Universe.

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The JWST Emission Line Survey (JELS): Multi-wavelength properties of Paschen line-emitters at Cosmic Noon

Context: Narrowband JWST/NIRCam selection isolates star-forming galaxies in well-defined redshift slices, while ALMA and archival far-IR/submm data reveal obscured growth. We combine these to measure Paschen-line SFRs, infer nebular extinction from EAZY Av, and probe FIR-to-submm emission via weighted-median stacking, to constrain galaxy growth at cosmic noon. Aims: We characterize stellar, nebular, and FIR properties of Paschen-selected galaxies in COSMOS, in two ensembles at z~1.50 (Pa-alpha) and z~2.65 (Pa-beta), quantifying short- vs long-timescale SF and dust attenuation, and constraining obscured SFR and gas masses. Methods: We select robust narrowband-excess samples from the JELS F466N/F470N mosaic (Pa-alpha: 77, Pa-beta: 31 sources), remove AGN via X-ray/radio matching, and assemble multiwavelength photometry (JWST, HST, Spitzer, Herschel, SCUBA-2, AzTEC, ALMA). Photo-z/stellar properties come from EAZY/STARDUST; line SFRs use recent Paschen calibrations, with nebular extinction from EAZY Av. Results: EAZY fits show stellar masses log(Mstar/Msun)~7.4-10.3 and modest SFRs (0.1-27 Msun/yr). Line SFRs are 0.1-22.0 and 0.7-47.9 Msun/yr for Pa-alpha/beta. Most sources show short-term bursts (line SFRs exceed SED SFRs), weakly decreasing with mass. Nebular attenuation correlates with mass and SFR. Stacking gives no >3sigma detections beyond MIRI. The weighted-median SED gives SFR_UV,med = 0.48+-0.11 and 3.92+-0.47 Msun/yr for Pa-alpha/beta. ALMA Band 4 gives the tightest constraints: median 3-sigma limits SFR_IR<53 (Pa-alpha) and <44 Msun/yr (Pa-beta); gas mass <10^11.2 (Pa-alpha) and <10^10.6 Msun (Pa-beta). Conclusions: Paschen-selected samples show widespread short-timescale star formation, but FIR/sub-mm data give only upper limits on obscured SFR/ISM mass. Deeper spectroscopy and ALMA continuum data are needed to constrain obscured SF and gas reservoirs.

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First-star imprints in a metal-poor galaxy overdensity near the end of reionization

The first generation of stars, known as Population III (Pop III), formed from primordial gas consisting solely of hydrogen and helium and is believed to have emerged only a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. Detecting the chemical enrichment of metal-poor circumgalactic gas offers a promising way to trace the enrichment signature of Pop III stars. Along the sightline to the quasar SDSS J0100+2802, a metal absorber at $z = 5.945$, showing over-abundant carbon and silicon compared to solar, has been reported to be consistent with the enrichment pattern of Pop III stars. With the James Webb Space Telescope, we report the discovery of an unusually metal-poor galaxy overdensity of 17 members (mean metallicity $\approx 3\%$ solar) near this metal absorber, which is $\sim 0.4$ dex more metal-poor than coeval galaxies in similarly overdense environments. This less chemically evolved system may have provided favorable conditions for preserving the absorption signatures of Pop III enrichment. We infer a minimum dark matter halo of $\log(M_{\mathrm{h,min}}/M_{\odot})=10.68^{+0.93}_{-1.72}$, supporting late-time Pop III formation at the outskirts of atomic hydrogen cooling halos. Our findings open a promising observational pathway to identify the chemical imprints of the first stars and constrain the conditions for their formation.

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Overmassive No More: The Case for Little Red Dots Hosting Black Hole Seeds as Massive as Single Supermassive Stars

Little Red Dots (LRDs) display singular properties unlike any known class of AGN or galaxies, motivating novel mass estimators for their central engines. Inspired by their similarities to stellar phenomena, here we interpret the LRD continuum as being produced by a pseudo-photosphere. We fit tailored stellar atmosphere models to host-subtracted LRD central engines ("black hole stars," BH*s) represented by stacks of $117$ objects. Typical BH* continuum spectra are well fit by models in a narrow range of temperatures ($T_{\rm eff}\approx4200-4800$ K), with bolometric luminosities $\approx10^{43-45}$ erg s$^{-1}$, implying pseudo-photospheric radii $\approx700-2000$ au. Based on these parameters, we explore four different approaches to deriving BH* masses: 1) using the surface gravity from atmosphere models; 2) appealing to the resemblance to super-Eddington phenomena; 3) approximating the escape velocity from the outflowing material; and 4) exploiting the lack of variability to bound the dynamical time. For the typical BH*, all of these methods yield remarkably consistent masses of $\approx10^{4-5}\,M_\odot$, implying a highly super-Eddington luminosity of $L_{\rm{bol}}/L_{\rm{Edd}}\sim5-50$. These mass estimates place BH*s within the scatter of the local scaling relation between black hole mass and host galaxy stellar mass, providing a self-consistent alternative to "overmassive" black holes that lie $2-3$ dex above it. Crucially, our derived masses are consistent with BH*s arising from single supermassive stars (SMSs), whose masses cannot exceed $\approx10^{5-6}\,M_\odot$ due to general relativistic instabilities. Furthermore, for our derived $L_{\rm bol}/L_{\rm Edd}$, the sharp cutoff of the LRD luminosity function matches the maximum theoretical mass of an SMS. With LRDs, we may therefore be directly observing the birth of heavy black hole seeds.

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Can Little Red Dots Contribute To The Early Universe Cosmic Dust Budget?

The origin of dust in the early Universe remains uncertain. We explore whether Little Red Dots (LRDs) could provide a high-redshift dust-production channel. Motivated by an analogy with Type IIn supernovae, we investigate whether LRDs may share the efficient dust-forming conditions. We consider dust formation in outer winds and later in a shielded cold dense shell after the central source fades. Such dust may avoid a global remnant-phase reverse shock, while longer LRD lifetimes may promote grain growth. We model the SEDs of two low-redshift LRD analogs as a thermal pseudo-photosphere plus optically thin dust components, obtaining dust reservoirs of order $10^{2}$-$10^{3}\,M_{\odot}$. Although photometry cannot exclude pre-existing dust, the narrow Balmer components of both analogs are close to the Case B ratio and their narrow-line environments are metal-poor, disfavoring a dominant diffuse host-ISM origin for the inferred reservoir. Formation within the LRD outflow is consistent with our optical-depth, sublimation, and energy-balance checks. In this scenario, the large dust masses do not produce a strong optical attenuation because a clumpy or asymmetric distribution can leave the dominant optical sightlines relatively unobscured. Our population calculation shows that the LRD contribution to early-Universe dust production can range from negligible to dominant. At higher efficiencies, LRDs can approach or exceed the lower CCSN contribution above $z\approx5$, whereas less favorable assumptions yield a minor contribution. We therefore propose that LRDs can act as early-Universe dust factories and, under some conditions, may dominate over CCSNe or provide seed grains for subsequent growth in the early ISM.

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The ionizing properties of JWST's compact broad-line emitters

The recent JWST discovery of a numerous population of broad-line emitters (BLEs) at $z>4$ has reopened the question of whether sources other than faint galaxies contributed significantly to cosmic reionization. To assess this contribution, we present a systematic census of compact, blue broad-line emitters at $4\leq z\leq7$ selected from the DJA, designed to isolate sources in which the UV continuum and the broad-line emission originate from the same compact physical region. Starting from a parent sample of 4145 galaxies with NIRSpec/PRISM spectroscopy and NIRCam imaging, we apply criteria on broad Ha emission (FWHM$>2000$km s-1, detected at S/N$\geq5$, complete at $L_{Ha,broad}\geq10^{42.7}$erg s-1), blue continuum slopes ($β_{UV}\leq-1.5$, $β_{opt}<0.5$), and morphological compactness in both the rest-frame UV and optical, returning a final sample of 20 sources. This constitutes $\sim20%$ of the PRISM-selected broad-line sample, which is dominated by Little Red Dots (LRDs). We find that the compact blue BLEs display hot ionizing continua, high-ionization UV lines (CIV, NIV], HeII), and elevated Lya emitter fractions ($X_{Lya}=50-67%$) relative to star-forming galaxies and LRDs. Beyond their similar lack of X-ray emission, their optical spectra closely resemble those of LRDs. This suggests that compact blue BLEs extend this population towards lower column density envelopes, but with similar engines, rather than representing a physically distinct population. Using Sirocco to model physical configurations that reproduce the observed spectra, we find a high ionizing photon production efficiency (log$ξ_{ion}\sim25.4$Hz erg-1) and a weighted average escape fraction $fesc\sim0.2$ for the bluest sources, and $\sim0.01$ for LRDs. This implies that broad-line sources do not dominate reionization globally, but given their luminosity, their contribution can dominate up to few Mpc scales.

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The Evolution of Low-Ionization Electron Densities in Galaxies Across Cosmic Epochs

We investigate the low-ionization electron density in the interstellar medium of galaxies across $0$$<$$z$$<$$8$, derived with the [O II]$λ\lambda3727,3730$ and [S II]$λ\lambda6718,6733$ doublets, using both deep JWST NIRCam/grism and NIRSpec/MSA spectroscopy. Along with ancillary density samples from the literature at $0$$<$$z$$<$$6$, we assemble three samples containing a total of 703 galaxies spanning $3.7$$<$$z$$<$$7.8$ at $\langle z\rangle\sim5.6$; 691 galaxies in the luminosity-complete NIRCam/grism programs CONGRESS and FRESCO at $\langle z\rangle \sim4.3$ and $\langle z\rangle\sim5.3$, respectively, and 12 galaxies with high-resolution NIRSpec/MSA spectra from the GO 1871 and GLASS programs. We find median electron densities of $n_{\rm{e}}$[S II]$=$$463^{+281}_{-203}~{\rm{cm}}^{-3}$ for CONGRESS, $n_{\rm{e}}$[S II]$=$$301^{+388}_{-206}~{\rm{cm}}^{-3}$ for FRESCO, and $n_{\rm{e}}$[O II]$=$$202^{+145}_{-102}~{\rm{cm}}^{-3}$ for the NIRSpec/MSA sample. The median low-ionization $n_{\rm{e}}$ increases from $z= 0$ to $z=4$, in agreement with previous studies and those using JWST observations. However, beyond $z\sim4$ median $n_{\rm{e}}$ begins to deviate from a monotonically increasing evolution with $z$. We find a positive, but shallow, correlation between O$_{32}$ (a proxy for the ionization parameter) and $n_{\rm{e}}$, while also confirming a positive correlation between O$_{32}$ and $z$. We suggest that these trends are possibly due to an evolving ISM gas density and ionization structure, and propose a toy model where the gas clumping evolves with $z$ to explain the observed density and ionization variations.

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Little Red Dots host Black Hole Stars: A unified family of gas-reddened AGN revealed by JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy

We use the DAWN JWST Archive to construct and characterise a sample of 146 little red dots (LRDs) across 2.0<z<9.3, selecting all sources with v-shaped UV-optical continua from NIRSpec/PRISM spectra and compact morphologies in NIRCam/F444W imaging. We show that LRD continuum spectra are ubiquitously well described by modified blackbodies across ~$0.4-1.0μ$m, with typical T~5000K or $λ_{peak}$~$0.65μ$m across 2 dex in luminosity, and a tail toward T~2000K. LRDs therefore trace a locus in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram that is directly analogous to stars on the Hayashi track, strongly supporting the picture that LRDs are AGN embedded in optically-thick dense gas envelopes. Hotter LRDs with $λ_{peak}<0.65μ$m typically have strong Balmer breaks, redder UV slopes and high optical luminosities; other LRDs show weak or no Balmer breaks, and wide variety in $β_{UV}$ and $L_{5100}$. Crucially, we demonstrate that the UV-optical continuum shapes and luminosities are strongly linked to the $Hα,\ Hβ$, [OIII] and OI line properties. There is a tight linear relation between the H$α$ and optical continuum luminosities, as well as H$α$ and OI$_{8446}$, indicating that Balmer, OI and optical emission must primarily be powered by the same source. The Balmer decrement increases strongly toward higher $L_{Hα}$, $L_{5100}$ and Balmer break strength, providing key evidence for luminosity-dependent effects of collisional (de-)excitation and resonant scattering in the gaseous envelopes. In contrast, we show that [OIII] emission likely originates from star-forming host galaxies, and that its strong correlation with Balmer break strength arises naturally from variation in the AGN-to-host ratio among the LRD population. Our work presents an empirical description of the nature and structure of LRDs, defining a new benchmark for ongoing LRD model developments.

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VENUS: A Strongly Lensed Clumpy Galaxy at $z\sim11-12$ behind the Galaxy Cluster MACS J0257.1-2325

We present the discovery of a strongly lensed galaxy at $z\sim11-12$, dubbed the ``Misty Moons'', identified in the JWST Treasury Survey, Vast Exploration for Nascent, Unexplored Sources (VENUS). The Misty Moons is gravitationally lensed by the galaxy cluster MACS J0257.1-2325 at $z=0.505$, and has five multiple images suggested by two independent lensing models. Two of the five images, ID1 and ID2 ($μ\sim 20-30$), are very bright (F200W$\sim26$ AB mag) and exhibit blue SEDs with prominent Ly$α$ breaks. In the source plane, the Misty Moons is a sub-$L^*$ galaxy ($M_{\rm UV}\sim-18.0$ mag) resolved into multiple stellar clumps, each of which has an effective radius of $r_\mathrm{eff}\sim 10-70$ pc and a stellar mass of $\sim10^7\ M_\odot$. These clumps dominate the stellar mass budget of the Misty Moons ($\gtrsim80\%$), similar to other high-$z$ clumps, which suggests a highly clustered mode of star formation in the early Universe, unlike seen in local dwarf galaxies. We convolve the source-plane image with the JWST/NIRCam point-spread function to produce a mock NIRCam image of the Misty Moons without lensing magnification, and find that the intrinsic galaxy has a radial surface-brightness profile comparable to those of $z\gtrsim10$ faint galaxies, such as JADES-GS-z13-0 and JADES-GS-z14-1, indicating that the Misty Moons represents a typical $z\gtrsim10$ faint galaxy. The Misty Moons, a lensed galaxy with resolved internal structures, provides an ideal laboratory for exploring the early stages of galaxy formation at $z\gtrsim10$.

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A first systematic study of [OIII] 88$μ$m at $z>8$: two luminous oxygen lines and a powerful ionized outflow in the first 600 million years

We present deep ALMA Band 7 observations of the [OIII] $88μ$m line and underlying dust continuum emission in four UV-bright, gravitationally lensed (magnification $μ= 1.4-3.8$), JWST-selected galaxies at $z = 8.5 - 10.3$, with observed magnitudes $-22.5 \lesssim M_\mathrm{UV} \lesssim -20.5$. [OIII] $88μ$m is confidently detected in UNCOVER-10646 at $z=8.5080 \pm 0.0011$ ($15σ$) and DHZ1 at $z=9.3113 \pm 0.0006$ ($6σ$), with both being intrinsically luminous systems [$L_\text{[OIII]} = (1.1 - 1.6) \times 10^9\,L_\odot$] that follow the local [OIII]-SFR relation. [OIII] $88μ$m remains undetected in the two $z>10$ targets, including in the $z=10.07$ X-ray AGN UHZ1, where we obtain a deep limit of $L_\text{[OIII]} < 6 \times 10^7\,L_\odot$. Dust emission is not detected in any individual source nor in a stack ($<3σ$). The high S/N [OIII] $88μ$m detection in UNCOVER-10646 uniquely reveals an additional broad component ($\mathrm{FWHM} = 1366_{-329}^{+473}\,\mathrm{km/s}$; $Δ\mathrm{BIC}\approx20$) indicative of an ionized outflow. We infer a high outflow rate of $\dot{M}_\mathrm{out} = 128_{-46}^{+80}\,M_\odot\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$, corresponding to a mass loading factor $η= \dot{M}_\mathrm{out}/\mathrm{SFR} = 2.9_{-1.0}^{+1.8}$ that matches or exceeds theoretical predictions and JWST-based studies of ionized outflows at high redshift. While high-resolution ALMA follow-up is required to confirm and spatially resolve the outflow, this first systematic study at $z>8$ highlights the unique diagnostic power of [OIII] $88μ$m in characterizing galaxies in the early Universe.

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VENUS: an ultra-faint galaxy hosting the metal-poor type II supernova at $z=5.13$ Witnessing the initial metal enrichment with extremely frequent core-collapse supernovae?

We present the first characterization of the host galaxy of a recently discovered type IIP SN at $z=5.13$ (SN Eos). SN Eos and its host galaxy are gravitationally lensed and multiply imaged. The total magnification $μ\sim53$ enables spatially resolving the system, allowing us to localize the core-collapse supernova (CCSN) position and to characterize its local environment within an early galaxy. Our observation reveals that the host is an ultra-faint ($M_{\rm UV}=-14.4\pm0.3$ mag) Lyman-$α$ emitter with a very high equivalent width. The host galaxy also shows very weak [O iii]4959,5007 lines despite an H$α$ line detection ([O iii]5007/H$β<0.7$ with case B recombination). Assuming that the weak [O iii] is due to low gas-phase metallicity given the low-metallicity of SN Eos itself, SN Eos plausibly marks the formation and explosion of a metal-poor star in an extremely metal-poor environment ($<1\ \%\ Z_\odot$), facilitating the initial stages of the chemical enrichment of the host. Finding the CCSN in such an ultra-faint galaxy at $z=5.13$ also indicates that the SN rate could be considerably higher in high-$z$, metal-poor environments, potentially implying e.g., a $Z$-dependent IMF, $Z$-dependent massive star explodability, or runaway stellar collisions in dense star clusters. Without lensing, only SN Eos would be detectable and the host would be below the detection limit in any NIRCam surveys ever performed. The Eos host galaxy can thus be representative of the origin of {\it hostless} supernovae frequently found in JWST blank field surveys.

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Spatial decomposition of Little Red Dots with JWST/NIRSpec IFU into broad-line red cores and narrow-line blue host galaxies

Little Red Dots (LRDs) are a population of compact red sources discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Imaging and spectroscopy have shown that LRDs exhibit a complex spectrum with a ``V-shaped" continuum, broad Balmer emission lines, and in some cases Balmer absorption. While the physical origin of these components remains debated, recent studies propose that they arise from a compact central engine likely hosting a rapidly growing black hole embedded within a more extended host galaxy. We test this central engine + host galaxy model using JWST/NIRSpec integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy to spectrally decompose the observed continuum, narrow and broad emission lines, and absorption. We spatially map each component for five broad Ha-selected LRDs at z~5 observed with both the prism and high-resolution G395H grating. We find that the blue continuum emission is co-spatial with the narrow emission line region, while the red continuum arises from a compact core co-spatial with the broad Balmer emission and absorption. Spatial maps of the [OIII] equivalent width reveal a pronounced decrease in the central core. Our work provides further evidence that the LRD emission is produced by at least two distinct physical components arising from a red central engine embedded within a blue host galaxy.

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Lyman-alpha haloes in the aftermath of reionisation

We present a comparative study of Ly$α$ haloes (LAHs) around low-luminosity (L$_{\mathrm{Ly}α}\lesssim 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$) Ly$α$-emitting galaxies (LAEs) at very high redshifts $z\geq6$ and a reference sample at $z\sim 3$ covering a similar Ly$α$ luminosity and host galaxy stellar mass range. Using data from the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) at the ESO VLT, we extracted the samples such that at the different redshifts we obtain the same intrinsic surface brightness sensitivity, accounting for cosmological dimming. We detect extended Ly$α$ emission around 6 out of 18 high-$z$ LAEs in the MUSE eXtremely Deep Field (MXDF), more than doubling the number of known such objects at $z\geq6$. We obtain an only slightly higher individual LAH detection fraction of 40% among the lower redshift comparison sample. Yet the typical exponential scale lengths at $z\geq6$ are three times smaller than those at $z\sim3$. Stacking the LAEs with undetected haloes gives again drastically different results for the two samples, with a highly significant halo detection at $z\sim 3$ but no trace of extended Ly$α$ emission at $z\geq6$. We also find the Ly$α$ spectral line widths of the high-$z$ sample to be $\sim$2.5 smaller in comparison to the lower redshift objects. We discuss the potential mechanisms driving such strong changes. In a reionisation-driven scenario the higher neutral fraction in the intergalactic and circumgalactic media might lead to substantial scattering losses of escaping Ly$α$ radiation, leaving detectable only emission from the vicinity of the star-forming regions. In an alternative scenario the LAH properties might be linked more closely to the evolution of their host galaxies than previously thought.

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Little Red Dots at z~2 in EIGER reveal a gentle decline with respect to their peak number density at z~5

We report the discovery of a sample of little red dots (LRDs) at $z \approx 2$ identified from deep JWST/NIRCam imaging and wide-field slitless spectroscopy over $140$ arcmin$^2$ from the EIGER survey. With an improved blind broad-line identification algorithm, we select 19 sources at spectroscopic redshifts $z = 1.55-3.18$ identified via rest-frame near-infrared lines (Paschen-$β$, HeI+Pa$γ$ and OI). Based on a range of spectro-photometric criteria, we classify five of these sources as LRDs and the other 14 as classical active galactic nuclei (AGNs). This classification is corroborated by some X-ray detections among the AGNs. Classical AGNs dominate the number counts above optical luminosities M$_{5100}<-22.5$, whereas the LRD fraction among broad-line sources reaches 100 % at M$_{5100}\approx-20$. The LRDs span the range in Balmer break strengths seen in the higher redshift populations. Blue-shifted HeI absorption is detected in the two reddest sources. The HeI/Pa$γ$ ratio cleanly separates LRDs from classical AGNs and seems to anti-correlate with Balmer break strength, likely tracing HeI self-absorption at higher gas column densities. Our LRD sample has a similar optical luminosity range as their high-redshift counterparts, corresponding to black hole masses of $\sim10^{6}$ M$_{\odot}$ at the Eddington luminosity. We measure LRD number densities of $\approx 7\times10^{-6}$ cMpc$^{-3}$ at $z = 1.9-2.5$, which indicates that LRDs represent $\lesssim 3$ % of the AGN population at these epochs. Our results confirm the previously reported decline in the LRD number density with respect to $z \approx 5$ based on photometric surveys, although we find the decline to be more gentle than earlier emphasized.

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Little Red Dots as Intermediate Mass, Super-Eddington Engines: Insights from Type IIn Supernovae and The 1837-1856 Great Eruption of $η$ Carinae

JWST's Little Red Dots (LRDs) display a unique constellation of features that do not occur simultaneously in any other class of galaxies or AGN. Here we observe that many of these features find parallels in the 19th century Great Eruption (GE) of $η$ Carinae and a sub-class of supernovae (Type IIn). Drawing on these stellar phenomena -- outflows trapped by dense circumstellar gas envelopes -- we sketch a possible scenario for LRDs. Outflows from the central engine produce an enshrouding envelope of gas that may be thought of as a slow wind. This dense wind and its enormous extent produce an opacity so high that a pseudo-photosphere forms within the wind, obscuring the central engine and manifesting as a blackbody-like continuum. Radiation from the buried engine powers the system. The engine may also launch fast winds that crash into the existing envelope to generate shocks. Lines form within the wind above the photosphere -- electron scattering and absorption in the clumpy (ionized + neutral) medium account for broad wings and P-Cygni cores. A key implication is that inferences of ``overmassive black holes" may be interpreting this wind-like physics as a virial broad-line region. We propose an escape velocity argument to constrain the mass of the engine, which yields $M<10^{5} M_\odot$ for the typical LRD. The lack of variability and low surface gravity of the photosphere provide further support for intermediate mass ($M\approx10^{3-6} M_\odot$), but very luminous super-Eddington ($L_{\rm{bol}}/L_{\rm{edd}}\gtrsim5$) systems harboring a supermassive star or intermediate mass black hole. Paralleling the evolution of IIn SNe, dust production in the envelope may mark the beginnings of classical AGN. This paper explores a possible self-consistent explanation for the entire life-cycle of LRDs, from their enshrouding in dense gas to their fates as seeds of massive black holes.

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A Census of the 200 Most Massive Galaxies Spectroscopically Observed with JWST at zspec $\sim$3-15

Massive galaxies provide strong tests of galaxy formation models, yet a comprehensive spectroscopic view of their properties and demographics in the early Universe has remained elusive. Here we present a JWST spectroscopic census of the 200 most massive galaxies at zspec~3-15, selected using an evolving stellar-mass threshold motivated by the halo mass function and anchored at log(Mstar)>10 at z~5. These galaxies represent the top 3% most massive systems among all publicly available prism observations. We derive their physical properties through joint SED fitting of spectroscopy and photometry, and construct a clean massive galaxy sample after removing LRDs and broad-line AGN contaminants. We find that the massive galaxy population evolves strongly with redshift: normal SFGs (Av<1 mag) dominate at z>~6, while dusty SFGs (Av>1 mag) and QGs become more common toward lower redshift. Dust attenuation decreases systematically toward higher redshift. We identify 29 massive QGs, including a population of recently quenched systems whose star formation declined rapidly within the past ~100 Myr. We further show that both the traditional UVJ and recently proposed (ugi)s selections suffer substantial inconsistency with the most massive galaxies at z>3, motivating a revised (ugi)s criterion calibrated using our spectroscopic sample. The inferred formation histories suggest at least two pathways toward quiescence: a dust-enriched pathway linking normal SFGs, dusty SFGs, and QGs, and a more direct pathway connecting normal SFGs and QGs. Massive normal SFGs appear to grow through both relatively gradual and rapid assembly modes. Together, these results suggest that rapid stellar-mass assembly, dust enrichment, and quenching were already shaping the evolutionary pathways of the most massive galaxies within the first billion years after the Big Bang.

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