Benchmark of First-Principles Titanium K-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectral Simulations on Titanium-containing Oxides
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful, element-specific probe for investigating the local structural and electronic properties of materials. However, quantitative analysis remains challenging, necessitating accurate first-principles spectral simulations. In this study, we benchmark first-principles simulations of Ti K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) against experimental data for nine common titanium compounds. We systematically investigate key physical effects, including quadrupole excitations, thermal disorder, and many-body shake-up. Our results demonstrate that quadrupole excitations and thermal disorder are essential for capturing accurate pre-edge features, while many-body shake-up effects significantly influence the spectral shape of the main- and post-edge regions. By incorporating these effects alongside a band-theory treatment of the core-hole final state, our simulated spectra achieve excellent agreement with experimental data for most of the systems, as evidenced by high similarity scores. The shoulder peak in BaTiO$_3$ at 4980 eV in the experiment is largely missing in simulation. Further analysis shows that more accurate electronic structure theory than semi-local density functional theory is required to capture the correlation effects of the Ba $4f$ orbitals and that defects, such as oxygen vacancies, may also contribute to the shoulder. Beyond tackling specific titanium material systems, this work establishes a robust workflow for generating high-fidelity Ti K-edge XANES databases for titanium compounds, providing a framework that can be generalized to a broad range of materials.