Curved HF Monopole Antennas for Improved Low-Angle Skywave Gain Over Lossy Ground
High-frequency (HF) skywave radars require high gain at elevation angles of 3 degrees to 30 degrees, where vertically-polarized monopoles over lossy land suffer from pseudo-Brewster cancellation. This letter shows that curving a long monopole creates a horizontally-polarized radiation channel much less affected by this cancellation. Closed-form bounds derived from the space-wave field over a homogeneous half-space show that the vertical-current field is suppressed below an elevation set by the soil permittivity, whereas the horizontally-polarized field of an elevated arc is nearly unaffected by the soil. Bayesian optimization (BO) of an analytical model, followed by 182 full-wave HFSS simulations with analytical Fresnel far-field post-processing, was used to design the element at 15 MHz. Over moist soil, a 15-m element with an 86 degrees arc is near-resonant (-25-dB match), 93% efficient, and 25% lower than a straight element of equal length. It raises the azimuth-averaged 3 degrees-30 degrees gain by 2.5 dB and, on every land ground considered, exceeds the 0.575λ straight monopole that is optimal over seawater and PEC by 1.0-2.6 dB.