Reducing 6G Energy Consumption: TDD-Aligned Drain Voltage Modulation for Power Amplifiers
The Power Amplifier (PA) of a base station operates inefficiently at partial load, where back-off from the peak output power wastes supply headroom. Adapting the PA drain voltage to the instantaneous signal recovers this loss but requires frequent switching, increasing hardware cost. We propose TDD-Aligned Drain Voltage Modulation (TDD-DVM), a drain voltage modulation scheme that instead selects the drain voltage level once per Time-Division Duplex (TDD) period based on the downlink resource load and switches the voltage during the uplink window. This is enabled by the authors' previous work on POLITE link adaptation, which spreads the transmit power over resources left unused at partial load and moves the PA into a regime where a lower drain voltage suffices. In a 3GPP Urban Macro system-level simulation across traffic loads, we compare TDD-DVM against baseline approaches under conventional and POLITE link adaptation. At equal delivered throughput, TDD-DVM with POLITE keeps the packet failure ratio of the full drain voltage while consuming up to 35% less power than it under conventional link adaptation and up to 7% less than it under POLITE, roughly half of the gain of an idealized reference.