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N. Grollimund

Publications and source records attributed to N. Grollimund.

2 recordsLinked to original sources

The retirement party of GRS 1915+105: the radio fading to quiescence of the archetypal microquasar

After more than 25 years of near-Eddington activity and over six years in a Compton-thick obscured phase, the black-hole X-ray binary GRS 1915+105 has begun to fade in the radio to a level lower than ever previously recorded, possibly marking the onset of its final descent towards quiescence. With the accretion flow hidden in the X-rays, the radio emission is currently the best tracer of the accretion activity. We aim to establish whether the fading marks the end of the outburst that began in 1992 or a temporary switch-off. We present the long-term MeerKAT monitoring of the source from the ThunderKAT and X-KAT programmes up to 2026 July, deep dual-band (L- and S-band) MeerKAT Director's Discretionary Time observations, and three Einstein Probe/FXT X-ray pointings bracketing them. Following a last Jy-level flare in early 2025, the 1.28 GHz flux density declined monotonically to $\sim$0.2-0.4 mJy by 2026 March, and after 2026 May 9 it was no longer formally detected in our 10-min monitoring observations. Deep MeerKAT observations in 2026 July detect the source at $\sim$150 $μ$Jy in L band and $\sim$90 $μ$Jy in S band, the lowest radio flux densities ever recorded from the system, corresponding to $L_{\rm R}\simeq2\times10^{28}$ erg s$^{-1}$ at 1.28 GHz, with a spectral index $α=-0.67\pm0.41$ across 1.28-2.62 GHz. The radio decline is the first direct evidence that the central engine itself is fading rather than merely receding further behind the absorber. The steep spectrum is consistent with either a combination of optically thick and thin emission, or an unusual, intrinsically steep core-jet spectrum. Should this mark the onset of quiescence, disc-instability models predict it to last of order $10^4$ yr. The switch-off of the central engine may shed light on the nature of the donor star and on the origin of the very-high-energy gamma-ray emission in this system.

astro-ph.HE↗

Dynamic shocks powered by a wide, relativistic, super-Eddington outflow launched by an accreting neutron star in the mid-20th century

Accreting systems can launch powerful outflows which interact with the surrounding medium. We combine new radio observations of the accreting neutron star X-ray binary (XRB) Circinus X-1 (Cir X-1) with archival radio observations going back 24 years. The $\sim3$ pc scale wide-angle radio and X-ray emitting caps found around Cir X-1 are identified as synchrotron emitting shocks with significant proper motion and morphological evolution on decade timescales. Proper motion measurements of the shocks reveal they are mildly relativistic and decelerating, with apparent velocity of $0.14c\pm0.03c$ at a propagation distance of 2 pc. We demonstrate that these shocks are likely powered by a hidden relativistic ($\gtrsim0.3c$) wide-angle conical outflow launched in $1972\pm3$, in stark contrast to known structures around other XRBs formed by collimated jets over 1000s of years. The minimum time-averaged power of the outflow required to produce the observed synchrotron emission is $\sim0.1L_\text{Edd}$, while the time-averaged power required for the kinetic energy of the shocks is $\sim40 \left(\frac{n}{10^{-2} \text{cm}^{-3}}\right)L_\text{Edd}$, where $n$ is the average ambient medium number density. This reveals the outflow powering the shocks is likely significantly super-Eddington. We measure significant linear polarisation up to $52\pm6\%$ in the shocks demonstrating the presence of an ordered magnetic field of strength $\sim200~μ\text{G}$. We show that the shocks are potential PeVatrons, capable of accelerating electrons to $\sim0.7~\text{PeV}$ and protons to $\sim20~\text{PeV}$, and we estimate the injection and energetic efficiencies of electron acceleration in the shocks. Finally, we predict that next generation gamma-ray facilities may be able to detect hadronic signatures from the shocks.

astro-ph.HE↗