Effect of the surface on the energy levels in PbS and PbSe nanocrystals
The structure of the electron and hole quantum confinement levels in spherical PbS and PbSe nanocrystals (NCs) is studied within the framework of a four-band effective-mass model. This level structure was initially calculated within the Kang--Wise model, which employs the standard boundary condition of vanishing carrier wave functions at the NC surface. This model, however, does not allow one to account for the effect of the NC surface on the level structure. Here, the effect of the NC surface is modeled using general boundary conditions (GBCs) imposed on the envelope wave functions at the surface. We show that the surface properties modify the size dependence of the electron and hole confinement levels and lead to an additional spin--orbit splitting of the $1P_{h,e}$ levels. Using the GBCs, we are able to quantitatively describe the size dependence of the lowest optical transitions in bare PbS and PbSe NCs and explain the differences between the absorption spectra of bare and Cl-passivated PbS NCs