Three-dimensional imaging of isolated membrane-protein complexes in vacuo with an X-ray laser
The prospect of imaging single biomolecules, viruses and cells with intense, ultrashort X-ray pulses has driven the development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). However, the weak scattering from small particles is easily swamped by background from residual gas, which has so far limited applications to strongly scattering targets such as viruses, cell organelles and cells. Here we report a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of an isolated 1-MDa membrane-protein complex, photosystem I (PS I), from single-particle diffraction data. PS I trimers were aerosolised by charge-reduction electrospray ionisation and injected into the European XFEL beam, with partial helium gas exchange reducing background scattering by 80%. From 32 788 diffraction patterns of single trimers in random orientations, we reconstructed the 3D electron density to a resolution of 3.8 nm, limited by the detector geometry. The disc-shaped density, about 22 nm across and 10 nm thick, matches the size of a PS I trimer in a detergent micelle and is consistent with the compaction predicted by molecular dynamics simulations of the complex in vacuo and observed in native mass spectrometry. These results show that membrane-protein complexes can be imaged in vacuo with X-ray lasers, an important step towards ultrafast diffractive imaging of single macromolecules.