Microscopic theory of the collective optical response of dilute atomic clouds at finite temperature
At low temperature, collective light-induced dipole-dipole interactions are known to strongly reshape the optical response of atomic clouds, revealing the breakdown of the independent-scattering picture as the density increases. While thermal motion is generally believed to progressively suppress these interactions, the microscopic mechanisms behind this suppression remain largely unexplored. Here, we develop a microscopic theory of the optical response of a dilute atomic gas at finite temperature, explicitly accounting for atomic ballistic motion during the recurrent-scattering events associated with the collective corrections. Using a diagrammatic approach for scalar light, we derive the collective contribution to the optical permittivity and characterize its behavior across the full temperature range. We find that thermal corrections scale as $\sim T$ at low temperature, while recurrent-scattering contributions are suppressed as $\sim T^{-3/2}$ at high temperature. Our predictions are confirmed by extensive coupled-dipole simulations that explicitly account for atomic motion. These simulations also reveal the inaccuracy of the modified frozen-dipole approximation commonly used to treat thermal effects. Finally, extending our theory to vector light, we provide a complete picture of how the resonance shift continuously evolves from the collective Lamb shift at low temperatures to the classical Lorentz-Lorenz shift at high temperatures.